Methods of preparation of conjugates

ABSTRACT

The present invention is directed to methods of preparing a conjugate of a cell-binding agent and a drug (such as a cytotoxic compound). The methods comprise the use of an imine reactive compound to enable efficient conjugations of cytotoxic compounds with cell binding agents.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of the filing date under 35 U.S.C.§119(e), of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/443,062, filed on Feb.15, 2011, U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/483,499, filed on May 6,2011, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/443,092, filed on Feb. 15,2011, the entire contents of which, including all drawings, formulae,specifications, and claims, are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention describes the use of imine reactive reagents for thepreparation of conjugates of cell-binding agents with DNA-bindingcytotoxic drugs containing one or more imine functional groups.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Monoclonal antibodies are increasingly being explored as therapeuticagents against cancer. Several monoclonal antibodies against cancercell-surface antigens have already been approved for cancer treatment,such as rituximab for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, trastuzumab for breastcancer, cetuximab for head and neck and colorectal cancer, cetuximab,panitimumab, and bevacizumab for colorectal cancer, and alemtuzumab forchronic lymphocytic leukemia (Strome, S. E., Sausville, E. A., and Mann,D., 2007, The Oncologist, 12, 1084-1095). However, the cytotoxicactivity of a “naked” antibody can be limited to the mechanisms ofreceptor function inhibition, complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC),and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC).

An approach to enhance the cytotoxic activity of antibody toward targetcancer cells is by linking antibody with cytotoxic effectors (A. D.Ricart, and A. W. Tolcher, 2007, Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol. 4, 245-255;Lambert, J., 2010, Drugs of the Future 35, 471-480). Theantibody-cytotoxic drug conjugate (ADC) binds specifically to cancercells, followed by conjugate internalization and degradation, whichresults in the intracellular release of the toxic drug and ultimately tothe death of the cancer cells. The cytotoxic drugs that have beenemployed in linkage with antibodies include antitubulin drugs such asmaytansinoids and auristatins, DNA-binding drugs such as calicheamicinthat causes sequence-specific double-stranded DNA cleavage. Anotherclass of DNA-binding cytotoxic drugs includes imine-containingpyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBD) such as N-2-imidazolyl alkyl substituted1,2,5-benzothiadiazepine-1,1-dioxide, U.S. Pat. No. 6,156,746),benzo-pyrido or dipyrido thiadiazepine (WO 2004/069843),pyrrolo[1,2-b][1,2,5]benzothiadiazepines andpyrrole[1,2-b][1,2,5]benzodiazepine derivatives (WO2007/015280),tomaymycin derivatives (e.g., pyrrolo[1,4]benzodiazepines), such asthose described in WO 00/12508, WO2005/085260, WO2007/085930, EP2019104, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,156,746). Other DNA-binding benzodiazepinedrugs are described in US Patent Publication No. 2010/0203007A1. Thesebenzodiazepine drugs containing imine bonds bind to the minor groove ofDNA and interfere with DNA function, resulting in cell death.

There is a need for new methods for preparing conjugates of cell-bindingagent and cytotoxic drugs bearing an imine group.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention describes the use of imine-reactive reagents fortreating an imine-containing drug, which resulted in an unexpectedimprovement in its conjugation reaction with cell binding agents (CBA)such as antibodies. The reagents are such that the cell killingproperties of the drug are not diminished and the integrity of the CBA(antibody) is fully maintained.

In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method forpreparing a conjugate comprising a cell-binding agent (CBA) conjugatedto a cytotoxic compound with a linking group, the method comprisingreacting a cytotoxic compound with a modified CBA at a pH of about 4 toabout 9, wherein:

-   -   a) the modified CBA comprises a residue of a bifunctional        crosslinking agent bonded to the CBA, and the residue comprises        the linking group and a thiol-reactive group; and    -   b) the cytotoxic compound comprises a thiol group, and a group        represented by:

-   -   wherein:        -   Y is a leaving group, and is a sulfite (HSO₃, HSO₂ or a salt            of HSO₃ ⁻, SO₃ ²⁻ or HSO₂ ⁻ formed with a cation),            metabisulfite (H₂S₂O₅ or a salt of S₂O₅ ²⁻ formed with a            cation), mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-thiophosphate (PO₃SH₃,            PO₂S₂H₂, POS₃H₂, PS₄H₂ or a salt of PO₃S³⁻, PO₂S₂ ³⁻, POS₃            ³⁻ or PS₄ ³⁻ formed with a cation), thio phosphate ester            (R^(i)O)₂PS(OR^(i)), R^(i)S—, R^(i)SO, R^(i)SO₂, R^(i)SO₃,            thiosulfate (HS₂O₃ or a salt of S₂O₃ ²⁻ formed with a            cation), dithionite (HS₂O₄ or a salt of S₂O₄ ²⁻ formed with            a cation), phosphorodithioate (P(═S)(OR^(k′))(S)(OH) or a            salt thereof formed with a cation), hydroxamic acid            (R^(k′)C(═O)NOH or a salt formed with a cation),            formaldehyde sulfoxylate (HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻ or a salt of HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻            formed with a cation, such as HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻Na⁺) or a mixture            thereof, wherein R^(i) is a linear or branched alkyl having            1 to 10 carbon atoms and is substituted with at least one            substituent selected from —N(R^(j))₂, —CO₂H, —SO₃H, and            —PO₃H; R^(i) can be further optionally substituted with a            substituent for an alkyl described herein; R^(j) is a linear            or branched alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; R^(k′) is a            linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having            1 to 10 carbon atoms, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments, the cytotoxic compound is produced by reactingan imine-containing cytotoxic compound bearing the thiol group with animine reactive reagent.

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method forpreparing a conjugate comprising a cell-binding agent (CBA) conjugatedto a cytotoxic compound with a linking group, the method comprisingreacting the CBA with an imine-containing cytotoxic compound, an iminereactive reagent, and a bifunctional crosslinking agent comprising thelinking group to form the conjugate.

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method forpreparing a conjugate comprising a cell-binding agent (CBA) conjugatedto a cytotoxic compound with a linking group, the method comprising:

-   -   a) reacting a cytotoxic compound with a bifunctional        crosslinking agent comprising the linking group, a group        reactive with the CBA (such as a thiol group, a maleimide group,        a haloacetamide group, or an amine group), and a group reactive        with the cytotoxic compound, to form a modified cytotoxic        compound covalently bonded to a residue of the bifunctional        crosslinking agent, wherein the residue comprises the linking        group and the group reactive with the CBA;    -   wherein the cytotoxic compound is represented by one of the        following formulas, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt        thereof:

-   -   wherein:        -   Y is a leaving group, and is a sulfite (HSO₃, HSO₂ or a salt            of HSO₃ ⁻, SO₃ ²⁻ or HSO₂ ⁻ formed with a cation),            metabisulfite (H₂S₂O₅ or a salt of S₂O₅ ²⁻ formed with a            cation), mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-thiophosphate (PO₃SH₃,            PO₂S₂H₂, POS₃H₂, PS₄H₂ or a salt of PO₃S³⁻, PO₂S₂ ³⁻, POS₃            ³⁻ or PS₄ ³⁻ formed with a cation), thio phosphate ester            (R^(i)O)₂PS(OR^(i)), R^(i)S—, R^(i)SO, R^(i)SO₂, R^(i)SO₃,            thiosulfate (HS₂O₃ or a salt of S₂O₃ ²⁻ formed with a            cation), dithionite (HS₂O₄ or a salt of S₂O₄ ²⁻ formed with            a cation), phosphorodithioate (P(═S)(OR^(k′))(S)(OH) or a            salt thereof formed with a cation), hydroxamic acid            (R^(k′)C(═O)NOH or a salt formed with a cation),            formaldehyde sulfoxylate (HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻ or a salt of HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻            formed with a cation, such as HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻Na⁺) or a mixture            thereof, wherein R^(i) is a linear or branched alkyl having            1 to 10 carbon atoms and is substituted with at least one            substituent selected from —N(R^(j))₂, —CO₂H, —SO₃H, and            —PO₃H; R^(i) can be further optionally substituted with a            substituent for an alkyl described herein; R^(j) is a linear            or branched alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; R^(k′) is a            linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having            1 to 10 carbon atoms, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl;        -   X′ is selected from —H, an amine-protecting group, an            optionally substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl,            alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a            polyethylene glycol unit —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R^(c), an optionally            substituted aryl having 6 to 18 carbon atoms, an optionally            substituted 5- to 18-membered heteroaryl ring containing one            or more heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen,            oxygen, and sulfur, and an optionally substituted 3- to            18-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 to 6 heteroatoms            independently selected from O, S, N and P;        -   Y′ is selected from —H, an oxo group, an optionally            substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or            alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an optionally            substituted 6- to 18-membered aryl, an optionally            substituted 5- to 18-membered heteroaryl ring containing one            or more heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen,            oxygen, and sulfur, an optionally substituted 3 to            18-membered heterocyclic ring having 1 to 6 heteroatoms;        -   R^(c) is —H or a substituted or unsubstituted linear or            branched alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms;        -   R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₁′, R₂′, R₃′ and R₄′ are each independently            selected from the group consisting of —H, an optionally            substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or            alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a polyethylene            glycol unit —(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—R^(c), halogen, guanidinium            [—NH(C═NH)NH₂], —OR, —NR′R″, —NO₂, —NCO, —NR′COR″, —SR, a            sulfoxide represented by —SOR′, a sulfone represented by            —SO₂R′, a sulfonate —SO₃ ⁻M⁺, a sulfate —OSO₃ ⁻M⁺, a            sulfonamide represented by —SO₂NR′R″, cyano, an azido,            —COR′, —OCOR′, —OCONR′R″;        -   R, for each occurrence, is independently selected from the            group consisting of —H, an optionally substituted linear,            branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1            to 10 carbon atoms, a polyethylene glycol unit            —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R^(c), an optionally substituted aryl having            6 to 18 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted 5- to            18-membered heteroaryl ring containing one or more            heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen,            and sulfur, or an optionally substituted 3- to 18-membered            heterocyclic ring containing 1 to 6 heteroatoms            independently selected from O, S, N and P;        -   R′ and R″ are each independently selected from —H, —OH, —OR,            —NHR, —NR₂, —COR, an optionally substituted linear, branched            or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10            carbon atoms, a polyethylene glycol unit            —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R^(c), and an optionally substituted            3-18-membered heterocyclic ring having 1 to 6 heteroatoms            independently selected from O, S, N and P;        -   n is an integer from 1 to 24;        -   W is selected from C═O, C═S, CH₂, BH, SO and SO₂;        -   R₆ is —H, —R, —OR, —SR, —NR′R″, —NO₂, or, halogen;        -   Z and Z′ are independently selected from —(CH₂)_(n′)—,            —(CH₂)_(n′)—CR₇R₈—(CH₂)_(na′)—,            —(CH₂)_(n′)—NR₉—(CH₂)_(na′)—, —(CH₂)_(n′)—O—(CH₂)_(na′)— and            —(CH₂)_(n′)—S—(CH₂)_(na′)—;        -   n′ and na′ are the same or different, and are selected from            0, 1, 2 and 3;        -   R₇ and R₈ are the same or different, and are each            independently selected from —H, —OH, —SH, —COOH, —NHR′, a            polyethylene glycol unit —(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—, an amino acid, a            peptide unit bearing 2 to 6 amino acids, an optionally            substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl having from 1            to 10 carbon atoms;        -   R₉ is independently selected from —H, an optionally            substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl having from 1            to 10 carbon atoms, a polyethylene glycol unit            —(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—;        -   A and A′ are the same or different, and are independently            selected from —O—, oxo (—C(═O)—), —CRR′O—, —CRR′—, —S—,            —CRR^(i)S—, —N(R₅)— and —CRR′N(R₅)—,        -   R₅ for each occurrence is independently —H or an optionally            substituted linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon            atoms;        -   D and D′ are the same or different, and are independently            absent or selected from the group consisting of an            optionally substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl,            alkenyl or alkynyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an amino            acid, a peptide bearing 2 to 6 amino acids, and a            polyethylene glycol unit (—OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—;        -   L is absent, or when present, comprises the thiol group, or            is a polyethylene glycol unit (—OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—, a linear,            branched or cyclic alkyl or alkenyl having 1 to 10 carbon            atoms, a phenyl group, a 3- to 18-membered heterocyclic ring            or a 5- to 18-membered heteroaryl ring having 1 to 6            heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, N and P,            wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, phenyl, or heterocyclic or            heteroaryl ring is optionally substituted; and,    -   b) reacting the modified cytotoxic compound with the CBA through        the group reactive with the CBA, at a pH of about 4 to about 9,        to form the conjugate.

In any of the above embodiments, the imine-containing cytotoxic compoundmay be represented by any one of the following formulas, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein:

-   -   X′ is selected from —H, an amine-protecting group, an optionally        substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl        having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a polyethylene glycol unit        —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R^(c), an optionally substituted aryl having 6 to        18 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted 5- to 18-membered        heteroaryl ring containing one or more heteroatoms independently        selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and an optionally        substituted 3- to 18-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 to        6 heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, N and P;    -   Y′ is selected from —H, an oxo group, an optionally substituted        linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having from        1 to 10 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted 6- to        18-membered aryl, an optionally substituted 5- to 18-membered        heteroaryl ring containing one or more heteroatoms independently        selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, an optionally        substituted 3 to 18-membered heterocyclic ring having 1 to 6        heteroatoms;    -   R^(c) is —H or a substituted or unsubstituted linear or branched        alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms;    -   R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₁′, R₂′, R₃′ and R₄′ are each independently        selected from the group consisting of —H, an optionally        substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl        having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a polyethylene glycol unit        —(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—R^(c), halogen, guanidinium [—NH(C═NH)NH₂], —OR,        —NR′R″, —NO₂, —NCO, —NR′COR″, —SR, a sulfoxide represented by        —SOR′, a sulfone represented by —SO₂R′, a sulfonate —SO₃ ⁻M⁺, a        sulfate —OSO₃ ⁻M⁺, a sulfonamide represented by —SO₂NR′R″,        cyano, an azido, —COR′, —OCOR′, —OCONR′R″ and the linking group;    -   R, for each occurrence, is independently selected from the group        consisting of —H, an optionally substituted linear, branched or        cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon        atoms, a polyethylene glycol unit —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R^(c), an        optionally substituted aryl having 6 to 18 carbon atoms, an        optionally substituted 5- to 18-membered heteroaryl ring        containing one or more heteroatoms independently selected from        nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, or an optionally substituted 3- to        18-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 to 6 heteroatoms        independently selected from O, S, N and P;    -   R′ and R″ are each independently selected from —H, —OH, —OR,        —NHR, —NR₂, —COR, an optionally substituted linear, branched or        cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon        atoms, a polyethylene glycol unit —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R^(c), and an        optionally substituted 3-18-membered heterocyclic ring having 1        to 6 heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, N and P;    -   n is an integer from 1 to 24;    -   W is selected from C═O, C═S, CH₂, BH, SO and SO₂;    -   R₆ is —H, —R, —OR, —SR, —NR′R″, —NO₂, or halogen;    -   Z and Z′ are independently selected from —(CH₂)_(n′)—,        —(CH₂)_(n′)—CR₇R₈—(CH₂)_(na′)—, —(CH₂)_(n′)—NR₉—(CH₂)_(na′)—,        —(CH₂)_(n′)—O—(CH₂)_(na′)— and —(CH₂)_(n′)—S—(CH₂)_(na′)—;    -   n′ and na′ are the same or different, and are selected from 0,        1, 2 and 3;    -   R₇ and R₈ are the same or different, and are each independently        selected from —H, —OH, —SH, —COOH, —NHR′, a polyethylene glycol        unit —(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—, an amino acid, a peptide unit bearing 2 to        6 amino acids, an optionally substituted linear, branched or        cyclic alkyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms;    -   R₉ is independently selected from —H, an optionally substituted        linear, branched or cyclic alkyl having from 1 to 10 carbon        atoms, a polyethylene glycol unit —(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—;    -   A and A′ are the same or different, and are independently        selected from —O—, oxo (—C(═O)—), —CRR′O—, —CRR′—, —S—,        —CRR^(i)S—, —N(R₅)— and —CRR′N(R₅)—,    -   R₅ for each occurrence is independently —H or an optionally        substituted linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon        atoms;    -   D and D′ are the same or different, and are independently absent        or selected from the group consisting of an optionally        substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl        having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an amino acid, a peptide bearing 2        to 6 amino acids, and a polyethylene glycol unit        (—OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—;    -   L is absent, or when present, comprises the thiol group, and is        a polyethylene glycol unit (—OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—, a linear, branched        or cyclic alkyl or alkenyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a phenyl        group, a 3- to 18-membered heterocyclic ring or a 5- to        18-membered heteroaryl ring having 1 to 6 heteroatoms        independently selected from O, S, N and P, wherein the alkyl,        alkenyl, phenyl, or heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring is        optionally substituted.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a methodfor preparing a conjugate comprising a cell-binding agent (CBA)conjugated to a cytotoxic compound with a linking group, the methodcomprising reacting a modified cytotoxic compound with the CBA at a pHof about 4 to about 9, wherein the modified cytotoxic compoundcomprises:

-   -   a) a residue of a bifunctional crosslinking agent bonded to the        cytotoxic compound, and the residue comprises the linking group        and a reactive group selected from a reactive ester and a        thiol-reactive group, and,    -   b) a group represented by:

-   -   wherein:        -   Y is a leaving group, and is a sulfite (HSO₃, HSO₂ or a salt            of HSO₃ ⁻, SO₃ ²⁻ or HSO₂ ⁻ formed with a cation),            metabisulfite (H₂S₂O₅ or a salt of S₂O₅ ²⁻ formed with a            cation), mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-thiophosphate (PO₃SH₃,            PO₂S₂H₂, POS₃H₂, PS₄H₂ or a salt of PO₃S³⁻, PO₂S₂ ³⁻, POS₃            ³⁻ or PS₄ ³⁻ formed with a cation), thio phosphate ester            (R^(i)O)₂PS(OR^(i)), R^(i)S—, R^(i)SO, R^(i)SO₂, R^(i)SO₃,            thiosulfate (HS₂O₃ or a salt of S₂O₃ ²⁻ formed with a            cation), dithionite (HS₂O₄ or a salt of S₂O₄ ²⁻ formed with            a cation), phosphorodithioate (P(═S)(OR^(k′))(S)(OH) or a            salt thereof formed with a cation), hydroxamic acid            (R^(k′)C(═O)NOH or a salt formed with a cation),            formaldehyde sulfoxylate (HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻ or a salt of HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻            formed with a cation, such as HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻Na⁺) or a mixture            thereof, wherein R^(i) is a linear or branched alkyl having            1 to 10 carbon atoms and is substituted with at least one            substituent selected from —N(R^(j))₂, —CO₂H, —SO₃H, and            —PO₃H; R^(i) can be further optionally substituted with a            substituent for an alkyl described herein; R^(j) is a linear            or branched alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; R^(k′) is a            linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having            1 to 10 carbon atoms, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments, the modified cytotoxic compound is produced byreacting an imine reactive reagent with an imine-containing cytotoxiccompound bearing the linking group and the reactive group.

In any of the above embodiments, the modified cytotoxic compound isrepresented by any one of the following formulas:

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:        -   Y is a sulfite (HSO₃, HSO₂ or a salt of HSO₃ ⁻, SO₃ ²⁻ or            HSO₂ ⁻ formed with a cation), metabisulfite (H₂S₂O₅ or a            salt of S₂O₅ ²⁻ formed with a cation), mono-, di-, tri-, and            tetra-thiophosphate (PO₃SH₃, PO₂S₂H₂, POS₃H₂, PS₄H₂ or a            salt of PO₃S³, PO₂S₂ ³⁻, POS₃ ³⁻ or PS₄ ³⁻ formed with a            cation), thio phosphate ester (R^(i)O)₂PS(OR^(i)), R^(i)S—,            R^(i)SO, R^(i)SO₂, R^(i)SO₃, thiosulfate (HS₂O₃ or a salt of            S₂O₃ ²⁻ formed with a cation), dithionite (HS₂O₄ or a salt            of S₂O₄ ²⁻ formed with a cation), phosphorodithioate            (P(═S)(OR^(k′))(S)(OH) or a salt thereof formed with a            cation), hydroxamic acid (R^(k′)C(═O)NOH or a salt formed            with a cation), formaldehyde sulfoxylate (HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻ or a            salt of HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻ formed with a cation, such as HOCH₂SO₂            ⁻Na⁺) or a mixture thereof, wherein R^(i) is a linear or            branched alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and is            substituted with at least one substituent selected from            —N(R^(j))₂, —CO₂H, —SO₃H, and —PO₃H; R^(i) can be further            optionally substituted with a substituent for an alkyl            described herein; R^(j) is a linear or branched alkyl having            1 to 6 carbon atoms; R^(k′) is a linear, branched or cyclic            alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, aryl,            heterocyclyl or heteroaryl;        -   X′ is selected from —H, an amine-protecting group, the            linking group with the reactive group bonded thereto, an            optionally substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl,            alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a            polyethylene glycol unit —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R^(c), an optionally            substituted aryl having 6 to 18 carbon atoms, an optionally            substituted 5- to 18-membered heteroaryl ring containing one            or more heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen,            oxygen, and sulfur, and an optionally substituted 3- to            18-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 to 6 heteroatoms            independently selected from O, S, N and P;        -   Y′ is selected from —H, an oxo group, the linking group with            the reactive group bonded thereto, an optionally substituted            linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having            from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted 6- to            18-membered aryl, an optionally substituted 5- to            18-membered heteroaryl ring containing one or more            heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen,            and sulfur, an optionally substituted 3- to 18-membered            heterocyclic ring having 1 to 6 heteroatoms;        -   R^(c) is —H or a substituted or unsubstituted linear or            branched alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or the linking            group with the reactive group bonded thereto;        -   R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₁′, R₂′, R₃′ and R₄′ are each independently            selected from the group consisting of —H, an optionally            substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or            alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a polyethylene            glycol unit —(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—R^(c), halogen, guanidinium            [—NH(C═NH)NH₂], —OR, —NR′R″, —NO₂, —NCO, —NR′COR″, —SR, a            sulfoxide represented by —SOR′, a sulfone represented by            —SO₂R′, a sulfonate —SO₃ ⁻M⁺, a sulfate —OSO₃ ⁻M⁺, a            sulfonamide represented by —SO₂NR′R″, cyano, an azido,            —COR′, —OCOR′, —OCONR′R″, and the linking group with the            reactive group bonded thereto;        -   R, for each occurrence, is independently selected from the            group consisting of —H, an optionally substituted linear,            branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1            to 10 carbon atoms, a polyethylene glycol unit            —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R^(c), an optionally substituted aryl having            6 to 18 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted 5- to            18-membered heteroaryl ring containing one or more            heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen,            and sulfur, or an optionally substituted 3- to 18-membered            heterocyclic ring containing 1 to 6 heteroatoms            independently selected from O, S, N and P;        -   R′ and R″ are each independently selected from —H, —OH, —OR,            —NHR, —NR₂, —COR, an optionally substituted linear, branched            or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10            carbon atoms, a polyethylene glycol unit            —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R^(c), and an optionally substituted 3- to            18-membered heterocyclic ring having 1 to 6 heteroatoms            independently selected from O, S, N and P;        -   n is an integer from 1 to 24;        -   W is selected from C═O, C═S, CH₂, BH, SO and SO₂;        -   R₆ is —H, —R, —OR, —SR, —NR′R″, —NO₂, halogen or the linking            group with the reactive group bonded thereto;        -   Z and Z′ are independently selected from —(CH₂)_(n′)—,            —(CH₂)_(n′)—CR₇R₈—(CH₂)_(na′)—,            —(CH₂)_(n′)—NR₉—(CH₂)_(na′)—, —(CH₂)_(n′)—O—(CH₂)_(na′)— and            —(CH₂)_(n′)—S—(CH₂)_(na′)—;        -   n′ and na′ are the same or different, and are selected from            0, 1, 2 and 3;        -   R₇ and R₈ are the same or different, and are each            independently selected from —H, —OH, —SH, —COOH, —NHR′, a            polyethylene glycol unit —(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—, an amino acid, a            peptide unit bearing 2 to 6 amino acids, an optionally            substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl having from 1            to 10 carbon atoms;        -   R₉ is independently selected from —H, an optionally            substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl having from 1            to 10 carbon atoms, a polyethylene glycol unit            —(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—;        -   A and A′ are the same or different, and are independently            selected from —O—, oxo (—C(═O)—), —CRR′O—, —CRR′—, —S—,            —CRR′S—, —NR₅ and —CRR′N(R₅)—;        -   R₅ for each occurrence is independently —H or an optionally            substituted linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon            atoms;        -   D and D′ are the same or different, and are independently            absent or selected from the group consisting of an            optionally substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl,            alkenyl or alkynyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an amino            acid, a peptide bearing 2 to 6 amino acids, and a            polyethylene glycol unit (—OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—;        -   L is absent, the linking group with the reactive group            bonded thereto, a polyethylene glycol unit (—OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—,            a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkenyl having 1 to 10            carbon atoms, a phenyl group, a 3 to 18-membered            heterocyclic ring or a 5- to 18-membered heteroaryl ring            having 1 to 6 heteroatoms independently selected from O, S,            N and P, wherein the alkyl or alkenyl is optionally            substituted with the linking group with the reactive group            bonded thereto; phenyl or heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring            can be optionally substituted, wherein the substituent can            be the linking group with the reactive group bonded thereto.

In any of the above embodiments, the cytotoxic compound and the linkinggroup of the conjugate is represented by any one of the followingformulas:

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:        -   Y is a leaving group, and is a sulfite (HSO₃, HSO₂ or a salt            of HSO₃ ⁻, SO₃ ²⁻ or HSO₂ ⁻ formed with a cation),            metabisulfite (H₂S₂O₅ or a salt of S₂O₅ ²⁻ formed with a            cation), mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-thiophosphate (PO₃SH₃,            PO₂S₂H₂, POS₃H₂, PS₄H₂ or a salt of PO₃S³⁻, PO₂S₂ ³⁻, POS₃            ³⁻ or PS₄ ³⁻ formed with a cation), thio phosphate ester            (R^(i)O)₂PS(OR^(i)), R^(i)S—, R^(i)SO, R^(i)SO₂, R^(i)SO₃,            thiosulfate (HS₂O₃ or a salt of S₂O₃ ²⁻ formed with a            cation), dithionite (HS₂O₄ or a salt of S₂O₄ ²⁻ formed with            a cation), phosphorodithioate (P(═S)(OR^(k′))(S)(OH) or a            salt thereof formed with a cation), hydroxamic acid            (R^(k′)C(═O)NOH or a salt formed with a cation),            formaldehyde sulfoxylate (HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻ or a salt of HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻            formed with a cation, such as HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻Na⁺) or a mixture            thereof, wherein R^(i) is a linear or branched alkyl having            1 to 10 carbon atoms and is substituted with at least one            substituent selected from —N(R^(j))₂, —CO₂H, —SO₃H, and            —PO₃H; R^(i) can be further optionally substituted with a            substituent for an alkyl described herein; R^(j) is a linear            or branched alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; R^(k′) is a            linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having            1 to 10 carbon atoms, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl;        -   X′ is selected from —H, an amine-protecting group, the            linking group, an optionally substituted linear, branched or            cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon            atoms, a polyethylene glycol unit —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R^(c), an            optionally substituted aryl having 6 to 18 carbon atoms, an            optionally substituted 5- to 18-membered heteroaryl ring            containing one or more heteroatoms independently selected            from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and an optionally            substituted 3- to 18-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1            to 6 heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, N and P;        -   Y′ is selected from —H, an oxo group, the linking group, an            optionally substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl,            alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an            optionally substituted 6- to 18-membered aryl, an optionally            substituted 5- to 18-membered heteroaryl ring containing one            or more heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen,            oxygen, and sulfur, an optionally substituted 3- to            18-membered heterocyclic ring having 1 to 6 heteroatoms;        -   R^(c) is —H or a substituted or unsubstituted linear or            branched alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or the linking            group;        -   R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₁′, R₂′, R₃′ and R₄′ are each independently            selected from the group consisting of —H, an optionally            substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or            alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a polyethylene            glycol unit —(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—R^(c), halogen, guanidinium            [—NH(C═NH)NH₂], —OR, —NR′R″, —NO₂, —NCO, —NR′COR″, —SR, a            sulfoxide represented by —SOR′, a sulfone represented by            —SO₂R′, a sulfonate —SO₃ ⁻M⁺, a sulfate —OSO₃ ⁻M⁺, a            sulfonamide represented by —SO₂NR′R″, cyano, an azido,            —COR′, —OCOR′, —OCONR′R″ and the linking group;        -   M is —H or a pharmaceutically acceptable cation, such as            Na⁺;        -   R, for each occurrence, is independently selected from the            group consisting of —H, an optionally substituted linear,            branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1            to 10 carbon atoms, a polyethylene glycol unit            —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R^(c), an optionally substituted aryl having            6 to 18 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted 5- to            18-membered heteroaryl ring containing one or more            heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen,            and sulfur, or an optionally substituted 3- to 18-membered            heterocyclic ring containing 1 to 6 heteroatoms            independently selected from O, S, N and P;        -   R′ and R″ are each independently selected from —H, —OH, —OR,            —NHR, —NR₂, —COR, an optionally substituted linear, branched            or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10            carbon atoms, a polyethylene glycol unit            —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R^(c), and an optionally substituted            3-18-membered heterocyclic ring having 1 to 6 heteroatoms            independently selected from O, S, N and P;        -   n is an integer from 1 to 24;        -   W is selected from C═O, C═S, CH₂, BH, SO and SO₂;        -   R₆ is —H, —R, —OR, —SR, —NR′R″, —NO₂, halogen or the linking            group;        -   Z and Z′ are independently selected from —(CH₂)_(n′)—,            —(CH₂)_(n′)—CR₇R₈—(CH₂)_(na′)—,            —(CH₂)_(n′)—NR₉—(CH₂)_(na′)—, —(CH₂)_(n′)—O—(CH₂)_(na′)— and            —(CH₂)_(n′)—S—(CH₂)_(na′)—;        -   n′ and na′ are the same or different, and are selected from            0, 1, 2 and 3;        -   R₇ and R₈ are the same or different, and are each            independently selected from —H, —OH, —SH, —COOH, —NHR′, a            polyethylene glycol unit —(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—, an amino acid, a            peptide unit bearing 2 to 6 amino acids, an optionally            substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl having from 1            to 10 carbon atoms;        -   R₉ is independently selected from —H, an optionally            substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl having from 1            to 10 carbon atoms, a polyethylene glycol unit            —(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—;        -   A and A′ are the same or different, and are independently            selected from —O—, oxo (—C(═O)—), —CRR′O—, —CRR′—, —S—,            —CRR′S—, —N(R₅)— and —CRR′N(R₅)—,        -   R₅ for each occurrence is independently —H or an optionally            substituted linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon            atoms;        -   D and D′ are the same or different, and are independently            absent or selected from the group consisting of an            optionally substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl,            alkenyl or alkynyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an amino            acid, a peptide bearing 2 to 6 amino acids, and a            polyethylene glycol unit (—OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—;        -   L is absent, the linking group, a polyethylene glycol unit            (—OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—, an optionally substituted linear, branched            or cyclic alkyl or alkenyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a            phenyl group, a 3- to 18-membered heterocyclic ring or a 5-            to 18-membered heteroaryl ring having 1 to 6 heteroatoms            independently selected from O, S, N and P, wherein the alkyl            or alkenyl is optionally substituted with the linking group;            phenyl or heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring can be optionally            substituted, wherein the substituent can comprise the            linking group.

Several preferred conjugates that may be produced according to any ofthe methods of the invention include:

-   -   wherein CBA is a cell binding agent, such as an antibody, and r        is an integer between 1-20, preferably between 1-10 or 1-5.

As used herein, when referring to a group (e.g., R^(c), L, X′ etc.)“is/be” (or “is not”) the linking group or the linking group with thereactive group bounded thereto, it is meant that the group “comprises”(or “does not comprise”) the linking group or the linking group with thereactive group bounded thereto.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows mass spectra of deglycosylated huMy9-6-2 conjugatesprepared without and with bisulfite, containing 1.4 DAR (A) and 3.1 DAR(B), respectively. DAR: drug antibody ratio.

FIG. 2 shows similar in vitro cytotoxicity of HuMy9-6-Drug 2 conjugatesprepared without and with sodium bisulfite against CD33-antigenexpressing HL60 cells.

FIG. 3 shows similar in vitro cytotoxicity of anti-CD22 Ab-Drug 2conjugates prepared without and with sodium bisulfite againstCD22-antigen expressing BJAB cells.

FIG. 4 shows reverse phase HPLC analysis of drug 2 and sodiumbisulfite-treated drug 2.

FIG. 5 shows MS analysis of deglycosylated huMy9-6-SPDB-drug 1 preparedwith and without sodium bisulfite using 7 molar equivalents of 1 perantibody. A) Conjugate prepared without sodium bisulfite with average1.4 drug 1/Ab and antibody species with up to three linked drug 1molecules. B) Conjugate prepared with sodium bisulfite with average of2.5 1/Ab and antibody species with up to seven linked drug 1 molecules.

FIG. 6 shows that addition of sodium bisulfite conjugation reaction ofdrug 1 did not result in fragmentation of antibody (non-reducingSDS-PAGE; gel chip analysis).

FIGS. 7-11 show exemplary methods of the present invention for preparinga cell-binding agent-drug conjugate.

FIG. 12 shows Mass Spectrometry (MS) analysis of deglycosylatedMy9-6-SPDB-1 made by conjugating an NHS ester containing compound 1(one-step reagent method) directly to antibody lysines, or conjugatingcompound 1d to a dithiopyridine modified antibody (two step method).

FIG. 13 shows MS data for My9-6-sulfo-SPDB-1 made using a two-stepmethod under different pH conditions. Increased reaction time appears tobe correlated with increased CD33-antigen-independent in vitrocytotoxicity measured on HL60-QC cells pretreated with 1 μM unconjugatehuMy9-6. Antigen-dependent killing for all conjugates was similarly high(—4 pM IC₅₀). Short reaction time (1-3 h) is preferred to minimizeantibody fragmentation and in vitro non-specific cell killing forMy9-6-sulfo-SPDB-1.

FIG. 14 shows MS data for chKTI-sulfo-SPDB-1 made using a two-stepmethod with different compound 1d/linker ratios.

FIG. 15 shows the use of covalent imine reactants to improve Ab-drugconjugate specifications (% monomer and drug load).

FIG. 16 shows the scheme for the two-step synthesis of therepresentative antibody-drug conjugates.

FIG. 17 shows the in vitro cytotoxicity and specificity of thehuMy9-6-SPDB-1f conjugates against various cell lines. Note that sodiumbisulfite was added to the conjugation reaction for making theconjugate.

FIG. 18 shows conjugation of dimer does not reduce binding affinity ofantibody. Note that sodium bisulfite was added to the conjugationreaction for making the conjugate.

FIG. 19 shows the in vivo antitumor activity of huMy9-6 conjugate. Notethat sodium bisulfite was added to the conjugation reaction for makingthe conjugate.

FIG. 20 shows in vitro cytotoxicity of huMy9-6-SPDB-1f conjugate againstantigen positive cells. Note that sodium bisulfite was added to theconjugation reaction for making the conjugate.

FIG. 21 shows in vitro cytotoxicity for huMy9-6-SPDB-1f (A),huMy9-6-sulfoSPDB-1f (B) and huMy9-6-BMPS-1f (C) against HL60/QC (Ag⁺)cells with and without blocking of antigen binding sites. Note that inall three experiments (34A, 34B, and 34C), sodium bisulfite were addedto the conjugation reaction for making the conjugate.

FIG. 22 shows in vitro cytotoxicity for chB38.1-SPDB-1f (A), andchB38.1-sulfoSPDB-1f (B) against COLO205 (Ag⁺) cells. Note that in bothexperiments, sodium bisulfite was added to the conjugation reaction formaking the conjugate.

FIG. 23 shows in vivo efficacy of huMy9-6-SPDB-1f in HL60/QC bearingmice. Note that sodium bisulfite was added to the conjugation reaction.

FIG. 24 shows antiproliferative activity by comparing (A)huMy9-6-SPDB-1f, (B) huMy9-6-sulfoSPDB-1f, and (C) huMy9-6-BMPS-1f,against OCI-AML3 (Ag⁺) cells with and without blocking of antigenbinding sites. Note that in all three experiments, sodium bisulfite wasadded to the conjugation reaction for making the conjugate.

FIG. 25 shows in vivo efficacy of huMy9-6-BMPS-1f in MOLM-13 tumorbearing mice. Note that sodium bisulfite was added to the conjugationreaction for making the conjugate.

FIG. 26 shows a representative synthesis scheme for a Sulfonatedfolate/cytotoxic compound conjugate. Note that sodium bisulfite wasadded to the conjugation reaction for making the conjugate.

FIG. 27 shows in vivo efficacy of huMy9-6-drug 2 in MOLM-13 tumorbearing mice. Note that sodium bisulfite was added to the conjugationreaction for making the conjugate.

FIG. 28 shows the preparation of huMy9-6-sulfo-SPDB-1d using the highlyreactive 4-nitroPy-sulfo-SPDB linker.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Reference will now be made in detail to certain embodiments of theinvention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanyingstructures and formulas. While the invention will be described inconjunction with the enumerated embodiments, it will be understood thatthey are not intended to limit the invention to those embodiments. Onthe contrary, the invention is intended to cover all alternatives,modifications, and equivalents which may be included within the scope ofthe present invention as defined by the claims. One skilled in the artwill recognize many methods and materials similar or equivalent to thosedescribed herein, which could be used in the practice of the presentinvention.

It should be understood that any of the embodiments described herein,including those described under different aspects of the invention(e.g., compounds, compound-linker molecules, conjugates, compositions,methods of making and using) and different parts of the specification(including embodiments described only in the Examples) can be combinedwith one or more other embodiments of the invention, unless explicitlydisclaimed or improper. Combination of embodiments are not limited tothose specific combinations claimed via the multiple dependent claims.

DEFINITIONS

“Linear or branched alkyl” as used herein refers to a saturated linearor branched-chain monovalent hydrocarbon radical of one to twenty carbonatoms. Examples of alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl,1-propyl, 2-propyl, 1-butyl, 2-methyl-1-propyl, —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂), 2-butyl,2-methyl-2-propyl, 1-pentyl, 2-pentyl 3-pentyl, 2-methyl-2-butyl,3-methyl-2-butyl, 3-methyl-1-butyl, 2-methyl-1-butyl, 1-hexyl), 2-hexyl,3-hexyl, 2-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-2-pentyl, 4-methyl-2-pentyl,3-methyl-3-pentyl, 2-methyl-3-pentyl, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl,3,3-dimethyl-2-butyl, 1-heptyl, 1-octyl, and the like. Preferably, thealkyl has one to ten carbon atoms. More preferably, the alkyl has one tofour carbon atoms.

“Linear or branched alkenyl” refers to linear or branched-chainmonovalent hydrocarbon radical of two to twenty carbon atoms with atleast one site of unsaturation, i.e., a carbon-carbon, double bond,wherein the alkenyl radical includes radicals having “cis” and “trans”orientations, or alternatively, “E” and “Z” orientations. Examplesinclude, but are not limited to, ethylenyl or vinyl (—CH═CH₂), allyl(—CH₂CH═CH₂), and the like. Preferably, the alkenyl has two to tencarbon atoms. More preferably, the alkyl has two to four carbon atoms.

“Linear or branched alkynyl” refers to a linear or branched monovalenthydrocarbon radical of two to twenty carbon atoms with at least one siteof unsaturation, i.e., a carbon-carbon, triple bond. Examples include,but are not limited to, ethynyl, propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl,1-pentynyl, 2-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, hexynyl, and the like. Preferably,the alkynyl has two to ten carbon atoms. More preferably, the alkynylhas two to four carbon atoms.

The term “carbocycle,” “carbocyclyl” and “carbocyclic ring” refer to amonovalent non-aromatic, saturated or partially unsaturated ring having3 to 12 carbon atoms as a monocyclic ring or 7 to 12 carbon atoms as abicyclic ring. Bicyclic carbocycles having 7 to 12 atoms can bearranged, for example, as a bicyclo [4,5], [5,5], [5,6], or [6,6]system, and bicyclic carbocycles having 9 or 10 ring atoms can bearranged as a bicyclo [5,6] or [6,6] system, or as bridged systems suchas bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane and bicyclo[3.2.2]nonane.Examples of monocyclic carbocycles include, but are not limited to,cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, 1-cyclopent-1-enyl,1-cyclopent-2-enyl, 1-cyclopent-3-enyl, cyclohexyl, 1-cyclohex-1-enyl,1-cyclohex-2-enyl, 1-cyclohex-3-enyl, cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptyl,cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, cyclodecyl, cycloundecyl, cyclododecyl, and thelike.

The terms “cyclic alkyl” and “cycloalkyl” can be used interchangeably.They refer to a monovalent saturated carbocyclic ring radical.Preferably, the cyclic alkyl is 3 to 7 membered monocyclic ring radical.More preferably, the cyclic alkyl is cyclohexyl.

The term “cyclic alkenyl” refers to a carbocyclic ring radical having atleast one double bond in the ring structure.

The term “cyclic alkynyl” refers to a carbocyclic ring radical having atleast one triple bond in the ring structure.

“Aryl” means a monovalent aromatic hydrocarbon radical of 6-18 carbonatoms derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbonatom of a parent aromatic ring system. Some aryl groups are representedin the exemplary structures as “Ar.” Aryl includes bicyclic radicalscomprising an aromatic ring fused to a saturated, partially unsaturatedring, or aromatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring. Typical aryl groupsinclude, but are not limited to, radicals derived from benzene (phenyl),substituted benzenes, naphthalene, anthracene, indenyl, indanyl,1,2-dihydronaphthalene, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, and the like.Preferably, aryl is phenyl group.

The terms “heterocycle,” “heterocyclyl,” and “heterocyclic ring” areused interchangeably herein and refer to a saturated or a partiallyunsaturated (i.e., having one or more double and/or triple bonds withinthe ring) carbocyclic radical of 3 to 18 ring atoms in which at leastone ring atom is a heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen,phosphorus, and sulfur, the remaining ring atoms being C, where one ormore ring atoms is optionally substituted independently with one or moresubstituents described below. A heterocycle may be a monocycle having 3to 7 ring members (2 to 6 carbon atoms and 1 to 4 heteroatoms selectedfrom N, O, P, and S) or a bicycle having 7 to 10 ring members (4 to 9carbon atoms and 1 to 6 heteroatoms selected from N, O, P, and S), forexample: a bicyclo [4,5], [5,5], [5,6], or [6,6] system. Heterocyclesare described in Paquette, Leo A.; “Principles of Modern HeterocyclicChemistry” (W. A. Benjamin, New York, 1968), particularly Chapters 1, 3,4, 6, 7, and 9; “The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, A series ofMonographs” (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1950 to present), inparticular Volumes 13, 14, 16, 19, and 28; and J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1960)82:5566. “Heterocyclyl” also includes radicals where heterocycleradicals are fused with a saturated, partially unsaturated ring, oraromatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring. Examples of heterocyclicrings include, but are not limited to, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl,dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyranyl,tetrahydrothiopyranyl, piperidino, morpholino, thiomorpholino,thioxanyl, piperazinyl, homopiperazinyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl,thietanyl, homopiperidinyl, oxepanyl, thiepanyl, oxazepinyl, diazepinyl,thiazepinyl, 2-pyrrolinyl, 3-pyrrolinyl, indolinyl, 2H-pyranyl,4H-pyranyl, dioxanyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, pyrazolinyl, dithianyl,dithiolanyl, dihydropyranyl, dihydrothienyl, dihydrofuranyl,pyrazolidinylimidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, 3-azabicyco[3.1.0]hexanyl,3-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptanyl, and azabicyclo[2.2.2]hexanyl. Spiromoieties are also included within the scope of this definition. Examplesof a heterocyclic group wherein ring atoms are substituted with oxo (═O)moieties are pyrimidinonyl and 1,1-dioxo-thiomorpholinyl.

The term “heteroaryl” refers to a monovalent aromatic radical of 5- or6-membered rings, and includes fused ring systems (at least one of whichis aromatic) of 5-18 atoms, containing one or more heteroatomsindependently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Examples ofheteroaryl groups are pyridinyl (including, for example,2-hydroxypyridinyl), imidazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, pyrimidinyl(including, for example, 4-hydroxypyrimidinyl), pyrazolyl, triazolyl,pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl, furyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl,isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, indolyl,benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, cinnolinyl, indazolyl, indolizinyl,phthalazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, isoindolyl, pteridinyl, purinyl,oxadiazolyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, furazanyl, benzofurazanyl,benzothiophenyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, quinazolinyl,quinoxalinyl, naphthyridinyl, and furopyridinyl.

The heterocycle or heteroaryl groups may be carbon (carbon-linked) ornitrogen (nitrogen-linked) attached where such is possible. By way ofexample and not limitation, carbon bonded heterocycles or heteroarylsare bonded at position 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyridine, position 3, 4, 5,or 6 of a pyridazine, position 2, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyrimidine, position2, 3, 5, or 6 of a pyrazine, position 2, 3, 4, or 5 of a furan,tetrahydrofuran, thiofuran, thiophene, pyrrole or tetrahydropyrrole,position 2, 4, or 5 of an oxazole, imidazole or thiazole, position 3, 4,or 5 of an isoxazole, pyrazole, or isothiazole, position 2 or 3 of anaziridine, position 2, 3, or 4 of an azetidine, position 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, or 8 of a quinoline or position 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 of anisoquinoline.

By way of example and not limitation, nitrogen bonded heterocycles orheteroaryls are bonded at position 1 of an aziridine, azetidine,pyrrole, pyrrolidine, 2-pyrroline, 3-pyrroline, imidazole,imidazolidine, 2-imidazoline, 3-imidazoline, pyrazole, pyrazoline,2-pyrazoline, 3-pyrazoline, piperidine, piperazine, indole, indoline,1H-indazole, position 2 of a isoindole, or isoindoline, position 4 of amorpholine, and position 9 of a carbazole, or O-carboline.

The heteroatoms present in heteroaryl or heterocycyl include theoxidized forms such as NO, SO, and SO₂.

The term “halo” or “halogen” refers to F, Cl, Br or I.

The alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cyclic alkyl, cyclic alkenyl, cyclicalkynyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl described abovecan be optionally substituted with one more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ormore) substituents.

If a substituent is described as being “substituted,” a non-hydrogensubstituent is in the place of a hydrogen substituent on a carbon,oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen of the substituent. Thus, for example, asubstituted alkyl substituent is an alkyl substituent wherein at leastone non-hydrogen substituent is in the place of a hydrogen substituenton the alkyl substituent. To illustrate, monofluoroalkyl is alkylsubstituted with a fluoro substituent, and difluoroalkyl is alkylsubstituted with two fluoro substituents. It should be recognized thatif there is more than one substitution on a substituent, eachnon-hydrogen substituent may be identical or different (unless otherwisestated).

If a substituent is described as being “optionally substituted,” thesubstituent may be either (1) not substituted, or (2) substituted. If acarbon of a substituent is described as being optionally substitutedwith one or more of a list of substituents, one or more of the hydrogenson the carbon (to the extent there are any) may separately and/ortogether be replaced with an independently selected optionalsubstituent. If a nitrogen of a substituent is described as beingoptionally substituted with one or more of a list of substituents, oneor more of the hydrogens on the nitrogen (to the extent there are any)may each be replaced with an independently selected optionalsubstituent. One exemplary substituent may be depicted as —NR′R″,wherein R′ and R″ together with the nitrogen atom to which they areattached, may form a heterocyclic ring. The heterocyclic ring formedfrom R′ and R″ together with the nitrogen atom to which they areattached may be partially or fully saturated. In one embodiment, theheterocyclic ring consists of 3 to 7 atoms. In another embodiment, theheterocyclic ring is selected from the group consisting of pyrrolyl,imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridyl andthiazolyl.

This specification uses the terms “substituent,” “radical,” and “group”interchangeably.

If a group of substituents are collectively described as beingoptionally substituted by one or more of a list of substituents, thegroup may include: (1) unsubstitutable substituents, (2) substitutablesubstituents that are not substituted by the optional substituents,and/or (3) substitutable substituents that are substituted by one ormore of the optional substituents.

If a substituent is described as being optionally substituted with up toa particular number of non-hydrogen substituents, that substituent maybe either (1) not substituted; or (2) substituted by up to thatparticular number of non-hydrogen substituents or by up to the maximumnumber of substitutable positions on the substituent, whichever is less.Thus, for example, if a substituent is described as a heteroaryloptionally substituted with up to 3 non-hydrogen substituents, then anyheteroaryl with less than 3 substitutable positions would be optionallysubstituted by up to only as many non-hydrogen substituents as theheteroaryl has substitutable positions. Such substituents, innon-limiting examples, can be selected from a linear, branched or cyclicalkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, aryl,heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, halogen, guanidinium [—NH(C═NH)NH₂], —OR¹⁰⁰,NR¹⁰¹R¹⁰², —NO₂, —NR¹⁰¹COR¹⁰², —SR¹⁰⁰, a sulfoxide represented by—SOR¹⁰¹, a sulfone represented by —SO₂R¹⁰¹, a sulfonate —SO₃M, a sulfate—OSO₃M, a sulfonamide represented by —SO₂NR¹⁰¹R¹⁰², cyano, an azido,—COR¹⁰¹, —OCOR¹⁰¹, —OCONR¹⁰¹R¹⁰² and a polyethylene glycol unit(—OCH₂CH₂)_(n)R¹⁰¹ wherein M is H or a pharmaceutically acceptablecation (such as Na⁺ or K⁺); R¹⁰¹, R¹⁰² and R¹⁰³ are each independentlyselected from H, linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynylhaving from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a polyethylene glycol unit(—OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—R¹⁰⁴, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 24, an arylhaving from 6 to 10 carbon atoms, a heterocyclic ring having from 3 to10 carbon atoms and a heteroaryl having 5 to 10 carbon atoms; and R¹⁰⁴is H or a linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, whereinthe alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycyl in thegroups represented by R¹⁰⁰, R¹⁰¹, R¹⁰², R¹⁰³ and R¹⁰⁴ are optionallysubstituted with one or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more) substituentsindependently selected from halogen, —OH, —CN, —NO₂ and unsubstitutedlinear or branched alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Preferably, thesubstituents for the optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,cyclic alkyl, cyclic alkenyl, cyclic alkynyl, carbocyclyl, aryl,heterocyclyl and heteroaryl described above include halogen, —CN,—NR¹⁰²R¹⁰³, —CF₃, —OR¹⁰¹, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycyl, —SR¹⁰¹,—SOR¹⁰¹, —SO₂R¹⁰¹ and —SO₃M.

The term “compound” or “cytotoxic compound,” “cytotoxic dimer” and“cytotoxic dimer compound” are used interchangeably. They are intendedto include compounds for which a structure or formula or anybiologically active derivative thereof has been disclosed in the presentinvention or a structure or formula or any derivative thereof that hasbeen incorporated by reference. The term also includes, stereoisomers,geometric isomers, tautomers, solvates, metabolites, salts (e.g.,pharmaceutically acceptable salts) and prodrugs, and prodrug salts of acompound of all the formulae disclosed in the present invention. Theterm also includes any solvates, hydrates, and polymorphs of any of theforegoing. The specific recitation of “stereoisomers,” “geometricisomers,” “tautomers,” “solvates,” “metabolites,” “salt” “prodrug,”“prodrug salt,” “conjugates,” “conjugates salt,” “solvate,” “hydrate,”or “polymorph” in certain aspects of the invention described in thisapplication shall not be interpreted as an intended omission of theseforms in other aspects of the invention where the term “compound” isused without recitation of these other forms. In one embodiment,cytotoxic compound comprises a linking group or a linking group with areactive group bonded thereto. Alternatively, cytotoxic compound doesnot comprise a linking group or a linking group with a reactive groupbonded thereto.

The term “conjugate” as used herein refers to a compound describedherein or a derivative thereof that is linked to a cell binding agent.

The term “linkable to a cell binding agent” as used herein refers to thecompounds described herein or derivates thereof comprising at least onelinking group or a precursor thereof suitable to bond these compounds orderivatives thereof to a cell binding agent.

The term “precursor” of a given group refers to any group which may leadto that group by any deprotection, a chemical modification, or acoupling reaction.

The term “linked to a cell binding agent” refers to a conjugate moleculecomprising at least one of the compounds described herein (e.g.,compounds and drug-linker compounds describe herein), or derivativethereof bound to a cell binding agent via a suitable linking group or aprecursor thereof.

The term “chiral” refers to molecules which have the property ofnon-superimposability of the mirror image partner, while the term“achiral” refers to molecules which are superimposable on their minorimage partner.

The term “stereoisomer” refers to compounds which have identicalchemical constitution and connectivity, but different orientations oftheir atoms in space that cannot be interconverted by rotation aboutsingle bonds.

“Diastereomer” refers to a stereoisomer with two or more centers ofchirality and whose molecules are not mirror images of one another.Diastereomers have different physical properties, e.g. melting points,boiling points, spectral properties, and reactivities. Mixtures ofdiastereomers may separate under high resolution analytical proceduressuch as crystallization, electrophoresis and chromatography.

“Enantiomers” refer to two stereoisomers of a compound which arenon-superimposable minor images of one another.

Stereochemical definitions and conventions used herein generally followS. P. Parker, Ed., McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Chemical Terms (1984)McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York; and Eliel, E. and Wilen, S.,“Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds,” John Wiley & Sons, Inc., NewYork, 1994. The compounds of the invention may contain asymmetric orchiral centers, and therefore exist in different stereoisomeric forms.It is intended that all stereoisomeric forms of the compounds of theinvention, including but not limited to, diastereomers, enantiomers andatropisomers, as well as mixtures thereof such as racemic mixtures, formpart of the present invention. Many organic compounds exist in opticallyactive forms, i.e., they have the ability to rotate the plane ofplane-polarized light. In describing an optically active compound, theprefixes D and L, or R and S, are used to denote the absoluteconfiguration of the molecule about its chiral center(s). The prefixes dand I or (+) and (−) are employed to designate the sign of rotation ofplane-polarized light by the compound, with (−) or l meaning that thecompound is levorotatory. A compound prefixed with (+) or d isdextrorotatory. For a given chemical structure, these stereoisomers areidentical except that they are minor images of one another. A specificstereoisomer may also be referred to as an enantiomer, and a mixture ofsuch isomers is often called an enantiomeric mixture. A 50:50 mixture ofenantiomers is referred to as a racemic mixture or a racemate, which mayoccur where there has been no stereoselection or stereospecificity in achemical reaction or process. The terms “racemic mixture” and “racemate”refer to an equimolar mixture of two enantiomeric species, devoid ofoptical activity.

The term “tautomer” or “tautomeric form” refers to structural isomers ofdifferent energies which are interconvertible via a low energy barrier.For example, proton tautomers (also known as prototropic tautomers)include interconversions via migration of a proton, such as keto-enoland imine-enamine isomerizations. Valence tautomers includeinterconversions by reorganization of some of the bonding electrons.

The term “prodrug” as used in this application refers to a precursor orderivative form of a compound of the invention that is capable of beingenzymatically or hydrolytically activated or converted into the moreactive parent form. See, e.g., Wilman, “Prodrugs in Cancer Chemotherapy”Biochemical Society Transactions, 14, pp. 375-382, 615th Meeting Belfast(1986) and Stella et al., “Prodrugs: A Chemical Approach to TargetedDrug Delivery,” Directed Drug Delivery, Borchardt et al., (ed.), pp.247-267, Humana Press (1985). The prodrugs of this invention include,but are not limited to, ester-containing prodrugs, phosphate-containingprodrugs, thiophosphate-containing prodrugs, sulfate-containingprodrugs, peptide-containing prodrugs, D-amino acid-modified prodrugs,glycosylated prodrugs, β-lactam-containing prodrugs, optionallysubstituted phenoxyacetamide-containing prodrugs, optionally substitutedphenylacetamide-containing prodrugs, 5-fluorocytosine and other5-fluorouridine prodrugs which can be converted into the more activecytotoxic free drug. Examples of cytotoxic drugs that can be derivatizedinto a prodrug form for use in this invention include, but are notlimited to, compounds of the invention and chemotherapeutic agents suchas described above.

The term “prodrug” is also meant to include a derivative of a compoundthat can hydrolyze, oxidize, or otherwise react under biologicalconditions (in vitro or in vivo) to provide a compound of thisinvention. Prodrugs may only become active upon such reaction underbiological conditions, or they may have activity in their unreactedforms. Examples of prodrugs contemplated in this invention include, butare not limited to, analogs or derivatives of compounds of any one ofthe formulae disclosed herein that comprise biohydrolyzable moietiessuch as biohydrolyzable amides, biohydrolyzable esters, biohydrolyzablecarbamates, biohydrolyzable carbonates, biohydrolyzable ureides, andbiohydrolyzable phosphate analogues. Other examples of prodrugs includederivatives of compounds of any one of the formulae disclosed hereinthat comprise —NO, —NO₂, —ONO, or —ONO₂ moieties. Prodrugs can typicallybe prepared using well-known methods, such as those described byBurger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery (1995) 172-178, 949-982(Manfred E. Wolff ed., 5th ed); see also Goodman and Gilman's, ThePharmacological basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed., McGraw-Hill, Int. Ed.1992, “Biotransformation of Drugs.”

One preferred form of prodrug of the invention includes compounds (withor without any linker groups) and conjugates of the invention comprisingan adduct formed between an imine bond of the compounds/conjugates andan imine reactive reagent.

The term “imine reactive reagent” refers to a reagent that is capable ofreacting with an imine group. Examples of imine reactive reagentincludes, but is not limited to, sulfites (H₂SO₃, H₂SO₂ or a salt ofHSO₃ ⁻, SO₃ ²⁻ or HSO₂ ⁻ formed with a cation), metabisulfite (H₂S₂O₅ ora salt of S₂O₅ ²⁻ formed with a cation), mono, di, tri, andtetra-thiophosphates (PO₃SH₃, PO₂S₂H₃, POS₃H₃, PS₄H₃ or a salt ofPO₃S³⁻, PO₂S₂ ³⁻, POS₃ ³⁻ or PS₄ ³⁻ formed with a cation), thiophosphate esters ((R^(i)O)₂PS(OR^(i)), R^(i)SH, R^(i)SOH, R^(i)SO₂H,R^(i)SO₃H), various amines (hydroxylamine (e.g., NH₂OH), hydrazine(e.g., NH₂NH₂), NH₂O—R^(i), R^(i), NH—R^(i), NH₂—R^(i)), NH₂—CO—NH₂,NH₂—C(═S)—NH_(2′) thiosulfate (H₂S₂O₃ or a salt of S₂O₃ ²⁻ formed with acation), dithionite (H₂S₂O₄ or a salt of S₂O₄ ²⁻ formed with a cation),phosphorodithioate (P(═S)(OR^(k))(SH)(OH) or a salt thereof formed witha cation), hydroxamic acid (R^(k)C(═O)NHOH or a salt formed with acation), hydrazide (R^(k)CONHNH₂), formaldehyde sulfoxylate (HOCH₂SO₂Hor a salt of HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻ formed with a cation, such as HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻Na⁺),glycated nucleotide (such as GDP-mannose), fludarabine or a mixturethereof, wherein R^(i) and R^(i′) are each independently a linear orbranched alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and are substituted with atleast one substituent selected from —N(R^(j))₂, —CO₂H, —SO₃H, and —PO₃H;R^(i) and R^(i′) can be further optionally substituted with asubstituent for an alkyl described herein; R^(j) is a linear or branchedalkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; and R^(k) is a linear, branched orcyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, aryl,heterocyclyl or heteroaryl (preferably, R^(k) is a linear or branchedalkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms; more preferably, R^(k) is methyl,ethyl or propyl). Preferably, the cation is a monovalent cation, such asNa⁺ or K⁺. Preferably, the imine reactive reagent is selected fromsulfites, hydroxylamine, urea and hydrazine. More preferably, the iminereactive reagent is NaHSO₃ or KHSO₃.

As used herein and unless otherwise indicated, the terms“biohydrolyzable amide,” “biohydrolyzable ester,” “biohydrolyzablecarbamate,” “biohydrolyzable carbonate,” “biohydrolyzable ureide” and“biohydrolyzable phosphate analogue” mean an amide, ester, carbamate,carbonate, ureide, or phosphate analogue, respectively, that either: 1)does not destroy the biological activity of the compound and confersupon that compound advantageous properties in vivo, such as uptake,duration of action, or onset of action; or 2) is itself biologicallyinactive but is converted in vivo to a biologically active compound.Examples of biohydrolyzable amides include, but are not limited to,lower alkyl amides, α-amino acid amides, alkoxyacyl amides, andalkylaminoalkylcarbonyl amides. Examples of biohydrolyzable estersinclude, but are not limited to, lower alkyl esters, alkoxyacyloxyesters, alkyl acylamino alkyl esters, and choline esters. Examples ofbiohydrolyzable carbamates include, but are not limited to, loweralkylamines, substituted ethylenediamines, amino acids,hydroxyalkylamines, heterocyclic and heteroaromatic amines, andpolyether amines. Particularly favored prodrugs and prodrug salts arethose that increase the bioavailability of the compounds of thisinvention when such compounds are administered to a mammal.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” as used herein, refers topharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic salts of a compound ofthe invention. Exemplary salts include, but are not limited, to sulfate,citrate, acetate, oxalate, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate,bisulfate, phosphate, acid phosphate, isonicotinate, lactate,salicylate, acid citrate, tartrate, oleate, tannate, pantothenate,bitartrate, ascorbate, succinate, maleate, gentisinate, fumarate,gluconate, glucuronate, saccharate, formate, benzoate, glutamate,methanesulfonate “mesylate,” ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate,p-toluenesulfonate, pamoate (i.e.,1,1′-methylene-bis-(2-hydroxy-3-naphthoate)) salts, alkali metal (e.g.,sodium and potassium) salts, alkaline earth metal (e.g., magnesium)salts, and ammonium salts. A pharmaceutically acceptable salt mayinvolve the inclusion of another molecule such as an acetate ion, asuccinate ion or other counter ion. The counter ion may be any organicor inorganic moiety that stabilizes the charge on the parent compound.Furthermore, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt may have more than onecharged atom in its structure. Instances where multiple charged atomsare part of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt can have multiplecounter ions. Hence, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt can have one ormore charged atoms and/or one or more counter ion.

If the compound of the invention is a base, the desired pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt may be prepared by any suitable method available in theart, for example, treatment of the free base with an inorganic acid,such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid,methanesulfonic acid, phosphoric acid and the like, or with an organicacid, such as acetic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, mandelic acid,fumaric acid, malonic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, glycolic acid,salicylic acid, a pyranosidyl acid, such as glucuronic acid orgalacturonic acid, an alpha hydroxy acid, such as citric acid ortartaric acid, an amino acid, such as aspartic acid or glutamic acid, anaromatic acid, such as benzoic acid or cinnamic acid, a sulfonic acid,such as p-toluenesulfonic acid or ethanesulfonic acid, or the like.

If the compound of the invention is an acid, the desiredpharmaceutically acceptable salt may be prepared by any suitable method,for example, treatment of the free acid with an inorganic or organicbase, such as an amine (primary, secondary or tertiary), an alkali metalhydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide, or the like. Illustrativeexamples of suitable salts include, but are not limited to, organicsalts derived from amino acids, such as glycine and arginine, ammonia,primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, and cyclic amines, such aspiperidine, morpholine and piperazine, and inorganic salts derived fromsodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc,aluminum and lithium.

As used herein, the term “solvate” means a compound which furtherincludes a stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amount of solvent suchas water, isopropanol, acetone, ethanol, methanol, DMSO, ethyl acetate,acetic acid, and ethanolamine dichloromethane, 2-propanol, or the like,bound by non-covalent intermolecular forces. Solvates or hydrates of thecompounds are readily prepared by addition of at least one molarequivalent of a hydroxylic solvent such as methanol, ethanol,1-propanol, 2-propanol or water to the compound to result in solvationor hydration of the imine moiety.

A “metabolite” is a product produced through metabolism in the body of aspecified compound, a derivative thereof, or a conjugate thereof, orsalt thereof. Metabolites of a compound, a derivative thereof, or aconjugate thereof, may be identified using routine techniques known inthe art and their activities determined using tests such as thosedescribed herein. Such products may result for example from theoxidation, hydroxylation, reduction, hydrolysis, amidation, deamidation,esterification, deesterification, enzymatic cleavage, and the like, ofthe administered compound. Accordingly, the invention includesmetabolites of compounds, a derivative thereof, or a conjugate thereof,of the invention, including compounds, a derivative thereof, or aconjugate thereof, produced by a process comprising contacting acompound, a derivative thereof, or a conjugate thereof, of thisinvention with a mammal for a period of time sufficient to yield ametabolic product thereof.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” indicates that the substance orcomposition must be compatible chemically and/or toxicologically, withthe other ingredients comprising a formulation, and/or the mammal beingtreated therewith.

The term “protecting group” or “protecting moiety” refers to asubstituent that is commonly employed to block or protect a particularfunctionality while reacting other functional groups on the compound, aderivative thereof, or a conjugate thereof. For example, an“amine-protecting group” or an “amino-protecting moiety” is asubstituent attached to an amino group that blocks or protects the aminofunctionality in the compound. Such groups are well known in the art(see for example P. Wuts and T. Greene, 2007, Protective Groups inOrganic Synthesis, Chapter 7, J. Wiley & Sons, NJ) and exemplified bycarbamates such as methyl and ethyl carbamate, FMOC, substituted ethylcarbamates, carbamates cleaved by 1,6-β-elimination (also termed “selfimmolative”), ureas, amides, peptides, alkyl and aryl derivatives.Suitable amino-protecting groups include acetyl, trifluoroacetyl,t-butoxycarbonyl (BOC), benzyloxycarbonyl (CBZ) and9-fluorenylmethylenoxycarbonyl (Fmoc). For a general description ofprotecting groups and their use, see P. G. M. Wuts & T. W. Greene,Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, New York,2007.

The term “leaving group” refers to an group of charged or unchargedmoiety that departs during a substitution or displacement. Such leavinggroups are well known in the art and include, but not limited to,halogens, esters, alkoxy, hydroxyl, tosylates, triflates, mesylates,nitriles, azide, carbamate, disulfides, thioesters, thioethers anddiazonium compounds.

The term “bifunctional crosslinking agent,” “bifunctional linker” or“crosslinking agents” refers to modifying agents that possess tworeactive groups connected to a “linking group”; one of which is capableof reacting with a cell binding agent while the other one reacts withthe cytotoxic compound to link the two moieties together. Suchbifunctional crosslinkers are well known in the art (see, for example,Isalm and Dent in Bioconjugation chapter 5, p 218-363, GrovesDictionaries Inc. New York, 1999). For example, bifunctionalcrosslinking agents that enable linkage via a thioether bond includeN-succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)-cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC) tointroduce maleimido groups, or withN-succinimidyl-4-(iodoacetyl)-aminobenzoate (SIAB) to introduceiodoacetyl groups. Other bifunctional crosslinking agents that introducemaleimido groups or haloacetyl groups on to a cell binding agent arewell known in the art (see US Patent Applications 2008/0050310,20050169933, available from Pierce Biotechnology Inc., P.O. Box 117,Rockland, Ill. 61105, USA) and include, but not limited to,bis-maleimidopolyethyleneglycol (BMPEO), BM(PEO)₂, BM(PEO)₃,N-(β-maleimidopropyloxy)succinimide ester (BMPS), γ-maleimidobutyricacid N-succinimidyl ester (GMBS), ε-maleimidocaproic acidN-hydroxysuccinimide ester (EMCS), 5-maleimidovaleric acid NHS, HBVS,N-succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)-cyclohexane-1-carboxy-(6-amidocaproate),which is a “long chain” analog of SMCC (LC-SMCC),m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (MBS),4-(4-N-maleimidophenyl)-butyric acid hydrazide or HCl salt (MPBH),N-succinimidyl 3-(bromoacetamido)propionate (SBAP), N-succinimidyliodoacetate (SIA), α-maleimidoundecanoic acid N-succinimidyl ester(KMUA), N-succinimidyl 4-(p-maleimidophenyl)-butyrate (SMPB),succinimidyl-6-(β-maleimidopropionamido)hexanoate (SMPH),succinimidyl-(4-vinylsulfonyl)benzoate (SVSB), dithiobis-maleimidoethane(DTME), 1,4-bis-maleimidobutane (BMB), 1,4bismaleimidyl-2,3-dihydroxybutane (BMDB), bis-maleimidohexane (BMH),bis-maleimidoethane (BMOE), sulfosuccinimidyl4-(N-maleimido-methyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (sulfo-SMCC),sulfosuccinimidyl(4-iodo-acetyl)aminobenzoate (sulfo-SIAB),m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide ester (sulfo-MBS),N-(γ-maleimidobutryloxy)sulfosuccinimde ester (sulfo-GMBS),N-(ε-maleimidocaproyloxy)sulfosuccimido ester (sulfo-EMCS),N-(κ-maleimidoundecanoyloxy)sulfosuccinimide ester (sulfo-KMUS), andsulfosuccinimidyl 4-(p-maleimidophenyl)butyrate (sulfo-SMPB).

Heterobifunctional crosslinking agents are bifunctional crosslinkingagents having two different reactive groups. Heterobifunctionalcrosslinking agents containing both an amine-reactiveN-hydroxysuccinimide group (NHS group) and a carbonyl-reactive hydrazinegroup can also be used to link the cytotoxic compounds described hereinwith a cell-binding agent (e.g., antibody). Examples of suchcommercially available heterobifunctional cros slinking agents includesuccinimidyl 6-hydrazinonicotinamide acetone hydrazone (SANH),succinimidyl 4-hydrazidoterephthalate hydrochloride (SHTH) andsuccinimidyl hydrazinium nicotinate hydrochloride (SHNH). Conjugatesbearing an acid-labile linkage can also be prepared using ahydrazine-bearing benzodiazepine derivative of the present invention.Examples of bifunctional crosslinking agents that can be used includesuccinimidyl-p-formyl benzoate (SFB) andsuccinimidyl-p-formylphenoxyacetate (SFPA).

Bifunctional crosslinking agents that enable the linkage of cell bindingagent with cytotoxic compounds via disulfide bonds includeN-succinimidyl-4-(4-nitropyridyl-2-dithio)butanoate, and other agentsknown in the art that includeN-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate (SPDP),N-succinimidyl-4-(2-pyridyldithio)pentanoate (SPP),N-succinimidyl-4-(2-pyridyldithio)butanoate (SPDB),N-succinimidyl-4-(2-pyridyldithio)-2-sulfo butanoate (sulfo-SPDB) tointroduce dithiopyridyl groups. Other bifunctional crosslinking agentsthat can be used to introduce disulfide groups are known in the art andare disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,913,748, 6,716,821 and US PatentPublications 20090274713 and 20100129314, all of which are incorporatedherein by reference. Alternatively, crosslinking agents such as2-iminothiolane, homocysteine thiolactone or S-acetylsuccinic anhydridethat introduce thiol groups can also be used.

A “linker,” “linker moiety,” or “linking group” as defined herein refersto a moiety that connects two moieties, such as a cell binding agent anda cytotoxic compound, together. A bifunctional crosslinking agent maycomprise two reactive groups, one at each ends of a linker moiety, suchthat one reactive group can be first reacted with the cytotoxic compoundto provide a compound bearing the linker moiety and a second reactivegroup, which can then react with a cell binding agent. Alternatively,one end of the bifunctional crosslinking agent can be first reacted withthe cell binding agent to provide a cell binding agent bearing a thelinker moiety and a second reactive group, which can then react with acytotoxic compound. The linking moiety may contain a chemical bond thatallows for the release of the cytotoxic moiety at a particular site.Suitable chemical bonds are well known in the art and include disulfidebonds, thioether bonds, acid labile bonds, photolabile bonds, peptidaselabile bonds and esterase labile bonds (see for example U.S. Pat. Nos.5,208,020; 5,475,092; 6,441,163; 6,716,821; 6,913,748; 7,276,497;7,276,499; 7,368,565; 7,388,026 and 7,414,073). Preferred are disulfidebonds, thioether and peptidase labile bonds. Other linkers that can beused in the present invention include non-cleavable linkers, such asthose described in are described in detail in U.S. publication number20050169933, or charged linkers or hydrophilic linkers and are describedin US 2009/0274713, US 2010/01293140 and WO 2009/134976, each of whichis expressly incorporated herein by reference, each of which isexpressly incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, the linking group with a reactive group attached atone end, such as a reactive ester, is selected from the following “List1”:

—O(CR₂₀R₂₁)_(m)(CR₂₂R₂₃)_(n)(OCH₂CH₂)_(p)(CR₄₀R₄₁)_(p″)Y″(CR₂₄R₂₅)_(q)(CO)_(t)X″,—O(CR₂₀R₂₁)_(m)(CR₂₆═CR₂₇)_(m′)(CR₂₂R₂₃)_(n)(OCH₂CH₂)_(p)(CR₄₀R₄₁)_(p″)Y″(CR₂₄R₂₅)_(q)(CO)_(t)X″,—O(CR₂₀R₂₁)_(m)(alkynyl)_(n′)(CR₂₂R₂₃)_(n)(OCH₂CH₂)_(p)(CR₄₀R₄₁)_(p″)Y″(CR₂₄R₂₅)_(q)(CO)_(t)X″,—O(CR₂₀R₂₁)_(m)(piperazino)_(t′)(CR₂₂R₂₃)_(n)(OCH₂CH₂)_(p)(CR₄₀R₄₁)_(p″)Y″(CR₂₄R₂₅)_(q)(CO)_(t)X″,—O(CR₂₀R₂₁)_(m)(pyrrolo)_(t′)(CR₂₂R₂₃)_(n)(OCH₂CH₂)_(p)(CR₄₀R₄₁)_(p′)Y″(CR₂₄R₂₅)_(q)(CO)_(t)X″,—O(CR₂₀R₂₁)_(m)A″_(m″)(CR₂₂R₂₃)_(n)(OCH₂CH₂)_(p)(CR₄₀R₄₁)_(p″)Y″(CR₂₄R₂₅)_(q)(CO)_(t)X″,—S(CR₂₀R₂₁)_(m)(CR₂₂R₂₃)_(n)(OCH₂CH₂)_(p)(CR₄₀R₄₁)_(p″)Y″(CR₂₄R₂₅)_(q)(CO)_(t)X″,—S(CR₂₀R₂₁)_(m)(CR₂₆═CR₂₇)_(m′)(CR₂₂R₂₃)_(n)(OCH₂CH₂)_(p)(CR₄₀R₄₁)_(p″)Y″(CR₂₄R₂₅)_(q)(CO)_(t)X″,—S(CR₂₀R₂₁)_(m)(alkynyl)_(n′)(CR₂₂R₂₃)_(n)(OCH₂CH₂)_(p)(CR₄₀R₄₁)_(p″)Y″(CR₂₄R₂₅)_(q)(CO)_(t)X″,—S(CR₂₀R₂₁)_(m)(piperazino)_(t′)(CR₂₂R₂₃)_(n)(OCH₂CH₂)_(p)(CR₄₀R₄₁)_(p″)Y″(CR₂₄R₂₅)_(q)(CO)_(t)X″,—S(CR₂₀R₂₁)_(m)(pyrrolo)_(t′)(CR₂₂R₂₃)_(n)(OCH₂CH₂)_(p)(CR₄₀R₄₁)_(p″)Y″(CR₂₄R₂₅)_(q)(CO)_(t)X″,—S(CR₂₀R₂₁)_(m)A″_(m″)(CR₂₂R₂₃)_(n)(OCH₂CH₂)_(p)(CR₄₀R₄₁)_(p″)Y″(CR₂₄R₂₅)_(q)(CO)_(t)X″,—NR₃₃(C═O)_(p″)(CR₂₀R₂₁)_(m)(CR₂₂R₂₃)_(n)(OCH₂CH₂)_(p)(CR₄₀R₄₁)_(p″)Y″(CR₂₄R₂₅)_(q)(CO)_(t)X″,—NR₃₃(C═O)_(p″)(CR₂₀R₂₁)_(m)(CR₂₆═CR₂₇)_(m′)(CR₂₂R₂₃)_(n)(OCH₂CH₂)_(p)(CR₄₀R₄₁)_(p″)Y″(CR₂₄R₂₅)_(q)(CO)_(t)X″,—NR₃₃(C═O)_(p″)(CR₂₀R₂₁)_(m)(alkynyl)_(n′)(CR₂₂R₂₃)_(n)(OCH₂CH₂)_(p)(CR₄₀R₄₁)_(p″)Y″(CR₂₄R₂₅)_(q)—(CO)_(t)X″,—NR₃₃(C═O)_(p″)(CR₂₀R₂₁)_(m)(piperazino)_(t′)(CR₂₂R₂₃)_(n)(OCH₂CH₂)_(p)(CR₄₀R₄₁)_(p″)Y″(CR₂₄R₂₅)_(q)(CO)_(t)X″,—NR₃₃(C═O)_(p″)(CR₂₀R₂₁)_(m)(pyrrolo)_(t′)(CR₂₂R₂₃)_(n)(OCH₂CH₂)_(p)(CR₄₀R₄₁)_(p″)Y″(CR₂₄R₂₅)_(q)—(CO)_(t)X″,—NR₃₃(C═O)_(p″)(CR₂₀R₂₁)_(m)A″_(m″)(CR₂₂R₂₃)_(n)(OCH₂CH₂)_(p)(CR₄₀R₄₁)_(p″)Y″(CR₂₄R₂₅)_(q)(CO)_(t)X″,—(CR₂₀R₂₁)_(m)(CR₂₂R₂₃)_(n)(OCH₂CH₂)_(p)(CR₄₀R₄₁)_(p″)Y″(CR₂₄R₂₅)_(q)(CO)_(t)X″,—(CR₂₀R₂₁)_(m)(CR₂₆═CR₂₇)_(m′)(CR₂₂R₂₃)_(n)(OCH₂CH₂)_(p)(CR₄₀R₄₁)_(p″)Y″(CR₂₄R₂₅)_(q)(CO)_(t)X″,—(CR₂₀R₂₁)_(m)(alkynyl)_(n′)(CR₂₂R₂₃)_(n)(OCH₂CH₂)_(p)(CR₄₀R₄₁)_(p″)Y″(CR₂₄R₂₅)_(q)(CO)_(t)X″,—(CR₂₀R₂₁)_(m)(piperazino)_(t′)(CR₂₂R₂₃)_(n)(OCH₂CH₂)_(p)(CR₄₀R₄₁)_(p″)Y″(CR₂₄R₂₅)_(q)(CO)_(t)X″,—(CR₂₀R₂₁)_(m)A″_(m″)(CR₂₂R₂₃)_(n)(OCH₂CH₂)_(p)(CR₄₀R₄₁)_(p″)Y″(CR₂₄R₂₅)_(q)(CO)_(t)X″,—(CR₂₀R₂₁)_(m)(CR₂₉═N—NR₃₀)_(n″)(CR₂₂R₂₃)_(n)(OCH₂CH₂)_(p)(CR₄₀R₄₁)_(p″)Y″(CR₂₄R₂₅)_(q)(CO)_(t)X″,—(CR₂₀R₂₁)_(m)(CR₂₉═N—NR₃₀)_(n″)(CR₂₆═CR₂₇)_(m′)(CR₂₂R₂₃)_(n)(OCH₂CH₂)_(p)(CR₄₀R₄₁)_(p″)Y″(CR₂₄R₂₅)_(q)(CO)_(t)X″,—(CR₂₀R₂₁)_(m)(CR₂₉N—NR₃₀)_(n′)(alkynyl)_(n′)(CR₂₂R₂₃)_(n)(OCH₂CH₂)_(p)(CR₄₀R₄₁)_(p″)Y″(CR₂₄R₂₅)_(q)(CO)_(t)X″,—(CR₂₀R₂₁)_(m)(CR₂₉═N—NR₃₀)_(n″)A″_(m″)(CR₂₂R₂₃)_(n)(OCH₂CH₂)_(p)(CR₄₀R₄₁)_(p″)Y″(CR₂₄R₂₅)_(q)(CO)_(t)X″,wherein:

m, n, p, q, m′, n′, t′ are integer from 1 to 10, or are optionally 0;

t, m″, n″ and p″ are 0 or 1;

X″ is selected from OR₃₆, SR₃₇, NR₃₈R₃₉, wherein R₃₆, R₃₇, R₃₈, R₃₉ areH, or linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1to 20 carbon atoms and, or, a polyethylene glycol unit —(OCH₂CH₂)_(n),R₃₇, optionally, is a thiol protecting group when t=1, COX″ forms areactive ester selected from N-hydroxysuccinimide esters,N-hydroxyphthalimide esters, N-hydroxy sulfo-succinimide esters,para-nitrophenyl esters, dinitrophenyl esters, pentafluorophenyl estersand their derivatives, wherein said derivatives facilitate amide bondformation;

Y″ is absent or is selected from O, S, S—S or NR₃₂, wherein R₃₂ has thesame definition as given above for R, or

when Y″ is not S—S and t=0, X″ is selected from a maleimido group, ahaloacetyl group or SR₃₇, wherein R₃₇ has the same definition as above;

A″ is an amino acid selected from glycine, alanine, leucine, valine,lysine, citrulline and glutamate or a polypeptide containing between 2to 20 amino acid units;

R₂₀, R₂₁, R₂₂, R₂₃, R₂₄, R₂₅, R₂₆, and R₂₇ are the same or different andare H or a linear or branched alkyl having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms;

R₂₉ and R₃₀ are the same or different and are H or alkyl from 1 to 5carbon atoms;

R₃₃ is H or linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl havingfrom 1 to 12 carbon atoms, a polyethylene glycol unit —(OCH₂CH₂)_(n), orR₃₃ is —COR₃₄, —CSR₃₄, —SOR₃₄, or —SO₂R₃₄, wherein R₃₄ is H or linear,branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 20 carbonatoms or, a polyethylene glycol unit —(OCH₂CH₂)_(n); and

-   -   one of R₄₀ and R₄₁ is optionally a negatively or positively        charged functional group and the other is H or alkyl, alkenyl,        alkynyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

The term “amino acid” refers to naturally occurring amino acids ornon-naturally occurring amino acid represented byNH₂—C(R^(aa′)R^(aa))—C(═O)OH, wherein R^(aa) and R^(aa′) are eachindependently H, an optionally substituted linear, branched or cyclicalkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, aryl, heteroarylor heterocyclyl. The term “amino acid” also refers to the correspondingresidue when one hydrogen atom is removed from the amine and/or carboxyend of the amino acid, such as —NH—C(R^(aa′)R^(aa))—C(═O)O—.

The term “cation” refers to an ion with positive charge. The cation canbe monovalent (e.g., Na⁺, K⁺, etc.), bi-valent (e.g., Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, etc.)or multi-valent (e.g., Al³⁺etc.). Preferably, the cation is monovalent.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” means that amount of activecompound or conjugate that elicits the desired biological response in asubject. Such response includes alleviation of the symptoms of thedisease or disorder being treated, prevention, inhibition or a delay inthe recurrence of symptom of the disease or of the disease itself, anincrease in the longevity of the subject compared with the absence ofthe treatment, or prevention, inhibition or delay in the progression ofsymptom of the disease or of the disease itself. Determination of theeffective amount is well within the capability of those skilled in theart, especially in light of the detailed disclosure provided herein.Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of compound I can be determined bystandard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures and in experimentalanimals. The effective amount of compound or conjugate of the presentinvention or other therapeutic agent to be administered to a subjectwill depend on the stage, category and status of the multiple myelomaand characteristics of the subject, such as general health, age, sex,body weight and drug tolerance. The effective amount of compound orconjugate of the present invention or other therapeutic agent to beadministered will also depend on administration route and dosage form.Dosage amount and interval can be adjusted individually to provideplasma levels of the active compound that are sufficient to maintaindesired therapeutic effects.

The term “thiol reactive group” refers to a functional group that willreact with a thiol moiety. Examples of thiol reactive group includes,but is not limited to, maleimido, vinylpyridine, vinyl sulfone, vinylsulfonamide, a haloacetyl-based group (e.g., haloacetamido) or adisulfide (e.g., —SSR^(d), wherein R^(d) is a linear or branched alkylhaving 1 to 4 carbon atoms, phenyl, nitrophenyl, dinitrophenyl,carboxynitrophenyl, pyridyl, 2-nitropyridyl, 4-nitropyridyl, or3-carboxy-4-nitropyridyl).

The term “reactive ester” refers to an ester contains a leaving groupthat is readily displaced by an amine group or a hydroxyl group.Examples of reactive ester includes, but is not limited to,N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, N-hydroxy sulfosuccinimide ester,nitrophenyl ester, dinitrophenyl ester, tetrafluorophenyl ester,sulfo-tetrafluorophenyl ester, and pentafluorophenyl ester. Preferably,the reactive ester is N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester.

The term “an imine-containing drug” or “an imine-containing cytotoxiccompound” refers to a compound described herein (without a linker group)that has at least one imine functional group. Preferably, theimine-containing drug contains one imine functional group.

METHODS OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

In a first aspect, the present invention is directed to a method forpreparing a conjugate comprising a cell-binding agent (CBA) conjugatedto a cytotoxic compound with a linking group, the method comprisingreacting a cytotoxic compound with a modified CBA at a pH of about 4 toabout 9, wherein:

-   -   a) the modified CBA comprises a residue of a bifunctional        crosslinking agent bonded to the CBA, and the residue comprises        the linking group and a thiol-reactive group; and    -   b) the cytotoxic compound comprises a thiol group, and a group        represented by:

-   -   wherein:        -   Y is a leaving group, and is a sulfite (HSO₃, HSO₂ or a salt            of HSO₃ ⁻, SO₃ ²⁻ or HSO₂ ⁻ formed with a cation),            metabisulfite (H₂S₂O₅ or a salt of S₂O₅ ²⁻ formed with a            cation), mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-thiophosphate (PO₃SH₃,            PO₂S₂H₂, POS₃H₂, PS₄H₂ or a salt of PO₃S³⁻, PO₂S₂ ³⁻, POS₃            ³⁻ or PS₄ ³⁻ formed with a cation), thio phosphate ester            (R^(i)O)₂PS(OR^(i)), R^(i)S—, R^(i)SO, R^(i)SO₂, R^(i)SO₃,            thiosulfate (HS₂O₃ or a salt of S₂O₃ ²⁻ formed with a            cation), dithionite (HS₂O₄ or a salt of S₂O₄ ²⁻ formed with            a cation), phosphorodithioate (P(═S)(OR^(k′))(S)(OH) or a            salt thereof formed with a cation), hydroxamic acid            (R^(k′)C(═O)NOH or a salt formed with a cation),            formaldehyde sulfoxylate (HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻ or a salt of HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻            formed with a cation, such as HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻Na⁺) or a mixture            thereof, wherein R′ is a linear or branched alkyl having 1            to 10 carbon atoms and is substituted with at least one            substituent selected from —N(R^(j))₂, —CO₂H, —SO₃H, and            —PO₃H; R^(i) can be further optionally substituted with a            substituent for an alkyl described herein; R^(j) is a linear            or branched alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; R^(k′) is a            linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having            1 to 10 carbon atoms, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments, the cytotoxic compound is produced by reactingan imine-containing cytotoxic compound bearing the thiol group with animine reactive reagent.

In certain embodiments, the method may further comprises purifying thecytotoxic compound prior to reacting with the modified CBA.

In certain embodiments,

-   -   (1) the imine-containing cytotoxic compound is represented by        one of the following formulae, or a pharmaceutically acceptable        salt thereof:

-   -   (2) the cytotoxic compound is represented by one of the        following formulae, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt        thereof:

-   -   (3) the cytotoxic compound and the linking group portion of the        conjugate is represented by one of the following formulae:

-   -   wherein:        -   X′ is selected from —H, an amine-protecting group, an            optionally substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl,            alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a            polyethylene glycol unit —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R^(c), an optionally            substituted aryl having 6 to 18 carbon atoms, an optionally            substituted 5- to 18-membered heteroaryl ring containing one            or more heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen,            oxygen, and sulfur, and an optionally substituted 3- to            18-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 to 6 heteroatoms            independently selected from O, S, N and P;        -   Y′ is selected from —H, an oxo group, an optionally            substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or            alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an optionally            substituted 6- to 18-membered aryl, an optionally            substituted 5- to 18-membered heteroaryl ring containing one            or more heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen,            oxygen, and sulfur, an optionally substituted 3 to            18-membered heterocyclic ring having 1 to 6 heteroatoms;        -   R^(c) is —H or a substituted or unsubstituted linear or            branched alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms;        -   R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₁′, R₂′, R₃′ and R₄′ are each independently            selected from the group consisting of —H, an optionally            substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or            alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a polyethylene            glycol unit —(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—R^(c), halogen, guanidinium            [—NH(C═NH)NH₂], —OR, —NR′R″, —NO₂, —NCO, —NR′COR″, —SR, a            sulfoxide represented by —SOR′, a sulfone represented by            —SO₂R′, a sulfonate —SO₃ ⁻M⁺, a sulfate —OSO₃ ⁻M⁺, a            sulfonamide represented by —SO₂NR′R″, cyano, an azido,            —COR′, —OCOR′, —OCONR′R″;        -   R, for each occurrence, is independently selected from the            group consisting of —H, an optionally substituted linear,            branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1            to 10 carbon atoms, a polyethylene glycol unit            —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R^(c), an optionally substituted aryl having            6 to 18 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted 5- to            18-membered heteroaryl ring containing one or more            heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen,            and sulfur, or an optionally substituted 3- to 18-membered            heterocyclic ring containing 1 to 6 heteroatoms            independently selected from O, S, N and P;        -   R′ and R″ are each independently selected from —H, —OH, —OR,            —NHR, —NR₂, —COR, an optionally substituted linear, branched            or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10            carbon atoms, a polyethylene glycol unit            —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R^(c), and an optionally substituted            3-18-membered heterocyclic ring having 1 to 6 heteroatoms            independently selected from O, S, N and P;        -   n is an integer from 1 to 24;        -   W is selected from C═O, C═S, CH₂, BH, SO and SO₂;        -   R₆ is —H, —R, —OR, —SR, —NR′R″, —NO₂, or halogen;        -   Z and Z′ are independently selected from —(CH₂)_(n′)—,            —(CH₂)_(n′)CR₇R₈—(CH₂)_(na′)—, —(CH₂)_(n′)—NR₉—(CH₂)_(na′)—,            —(CH₂)_(n′)—O—(CH₂)_(na′)— and —(CH₂)_(n′)—S—(CH₂)_(na′)—;        -   n′ and na′ are the same or different, and are selected from            0, 1, 2 and 3;        -   R₇ and R₈ are the same or different, and are each            independently selected from —H, —OH, —SH, —COOH, —NHR′, a            polyethylene glycol unit —(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—, an amino acid, a            peptide unit bearing 2 to 6 amino acids, an optionally            substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl having from 1            to 10 carbon atoms;        -   R₉ is independently selected from —H, an optionally            substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl having from 1            to 10 carbon atoms, a polyethylene glycol unit            —(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—;        -   A and A′ are the same or different, and are independently            selected from —O—, oxo (—C(═O)—), —CRR′O—, —CRR′—, —S—,            —CRR′S—, —N(R₅)— and —CRR′N(R₅)—,        -   R₅ for each occurrence is independently —H or an optionally            substituted linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon            atoms;        -   D and D′ are the same or different, and are independently            absent or selected from the group consisting of an            optionally substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl,            alkenyl or alkynyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an amino            acid, a peptide bearing 2 to 6 amino acids, and a            polyethylene glycol unit (—OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—;        -   L is absent, or when present, comprises the thiol group, or            is a polyethylene glycol unit (—OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—, a linear,            branched or cyclic alkyl or alkenyl having 1 to 10 carbon            atoms, a phenyl group, a 3- to 18-membered heterocyclic ring            or a 5- to 18-membered heteroaryl ring having 1 to 6            heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, N and P,            wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, phenyl, or heterocyclic or            heteroaryl ring is optionally substituted;        -   wherein at least one of X′, Y′, R₆, R^(c), R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄,            R₁ ^(′), R₂ ^(′), R₃ ^(′), R₄′, L (e.g., through an            optionally substituted group), is bonded to the linking            group in formulas (Ib′) or (IIb′).

In certain embodiments, the modified CBA is prepared by reacting the CBAwith the bifunctional crosslinking agent, said bifunctional crosslinkingagent comprising the thiol-reactive group and a group reactive with theCBA, both bonded to the linking group.

In certain embodiments, the group reactive with the CBA reacts with anamino group of the CBA (such as the amino group of a Lys sidechain), orwith a thiol group of the CBA (such as the thiol group of a Cyssidechain).

In certain embodiments, the thiol-reactive group is selected from thegroup consisting of maleimido, vinylpyridine, vinyl sulfone, vinylsulfonamide, a haloacetyl-based group and a disulfide group.

alternatively, the thiol-reactive group may be maleimido, haloacetamidoor —SSR^(d), wherein R^(d) is a linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 4carbon atoms, phenyl, nitrophenyl, dinitrophenyl, carboxynitrophenyl,pyridyl, 2-nitropyridyl, 4-nitropyridyl, or 3-carboxy-4-nitropyridyl.

In certain embodiments, the modified CBA is:

An exemplary reaction scheme is shown in FIG. 8, in which in “step one,”an imine reactive reagent (shown in the reaction scheme as a nucleophile(Nuc:)) is added to the drug containing a thiol and allowed to react andform a modified drug bearing the thiol group. The modified drug isoptionally purified to remove excess imine reactive reagent. In “steptwo,” the antibody is modified with a linker containing a thiol reactivegroup X (maleimide, SSPy, vinyl sulfone, etc), and reacted with themodified drug bearing the thiol group at pH 6-9 to generate a stabledisulfide or thioether bond between the drug and the antibody. In “stepthree,” the side products (such as excess imine reactive reagent, themodified drug that does not react with the antibody, etc.) are removedand the conjugate is formulated. The number of the drug moleculesconjugated to the antibody is equal to n, which can be from, forexample, 1-10.

A representative example of a two-step conjugation method is describedin FIG. 16, wherein an antibody is first modified with a bifunctionalcrosslinking agent resulting in an antibody that possesses a desirednumber of linkers suitable for reaction with a dimer compound having afree thiol moiety. In this example the antibody huMy9-6 was firstmodified with SPDB to give an antibody with linkers containing thedithiopyridyl moiety. The modified antibody was then exposed to a freethiol, such as 2a, generating the desired conjugate huMy9-6-SPDB-2a.Additional suitable thiol reactive linkers that may be used in similarreactions are included in FIG. 16.

The imine reactive reagent can be mixed with the drug bearing a thiolgroup in organic solvent (e.g., dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide,dimethylsulfoxide, acetonitrile, ethanol, methanol, methylene chloride,chloroform, dioxane, or a mixture thereof) or a mixture of water (e.g.,deionized water) and one or more organic solvents. When only organicsolvent is used, the imine reactive reagent can be mixed with the drugat room temperature for 30 min or longer (for example, about 1 hour,about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 5 hours, about 10hours, about 24 hours or until the reaction is complete). Preferrably,the incubation/reaction time is about 0-4 hrs, or 1-3 hrs. The resultingmixture can be used immediately to react with the cell-binding agent(e.g., antibody) modified with a thiol-reactive group buffered at pHabout 4 to about 9, preferably about 6 to about 9. Alternatively, themixture can be frozen and stored, for example, at −20° C. or −80° C.,and used later while maintaining its reactivity with the cell-bindingagent (e.g., antibody). If a mixture of water and organic solvent(s) isused as a miscible co-solvent system (e.g., water anddimethylacetamide), the reaction mixture of drug and imine reactivereagent is used immediately or kept frozen until use after mixing toreact with the cell-binding agent bearing a thiol-reactive group. If amixture of water and organic solvent(s) is used as a non-miscibleco-solvent system (e.g., water and methylene chloride), the drug and theimine reactive reagent are mixed for 10 min or longer (for example,about 30 mins, about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 5 hours, about 10hours, about 24 hours or until the reaction is complete), and theaqueous layer is collected, quantified for the drug and reactive thiol(e.g., by UV spectroscopy and Ellman's assay with DTNB(5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid)) reagent) and added to thecell-binding agent (e.g., antibody) bearing a thiol-reactive groupbuffered at pH of about 4 to about 9, preferably about 6 to about 9.

In a second aspect, the present invention provides a method forpreparing a conjugate comprising a cell-binding agent (CBA) conjugatedto a cytotoxic compound with a linking group, the method comprisingreacting the CBA with an imine-containing cytotoxic compound, an iminereactive reagent, and a bifunctional crosslinking agent comprising thelinking group to form the conjugate.

In certain embodiments, the cell-binding agent (e.g., antibody) iscontacted with a drug (e.g., the imine-containing cytotoxic compound)and an imine reactive reagent to form a first mixture; and the firstmixture is then contacted with a bifunctional crosslinking agent to formthe cell-binding agent-drug conjugate. Preferably, the bifunctionalcrosslinking agent is contacted with the first mixture immediately afterthe formation of the first mixture. Alternatively, the first mixture washeld for a time interval (e.g., about 1-10 mins, about 10-30 mins, about30 mins to 1 hr, about 1 to 5 hrs, about 5 to 24 hrs, or about 1 to 2days) before it is contacted with a bifunctional crosslinking agent.

In certain embodiments, the method may further comprises purifying theconjugate.

An exemplary reaction scheme is shown in FIG. 10, in which in “step 1,”an imine reactive reagent (shown in the reaction scheme as a nucleophile(Nuc:)) is added to the CBA (e.g., an antibody), a drug containing athiol, a bifunctional crosslinking agent containing both a thiolreactive group X (maleimide, SSPy, vinyl sulfone, etc) and a reactiveester group, and allow the reaction to proceed at pH 6-9 to generate astable drug-antibody conjugate. In “step two,” the side products (suchas excess imine reactive reagent, the modified drug that does not reactwith the antibody, etc.) are removed and the conjugate is formulated.The number of the drug molecules conjugated to the antibody is equal ton, which can be from, for example, 1-10.

In a third aspect, the present invention provides a method for preparinga conjugate comprising a cell-binding agent (CBA) conjugated to acytotoxic compound with a linking group, the method comprising:

-   -   a) reacting a cytotoxic compound with a bifunctional        crosslinking agent comprising the linking group, a group        reactive with the CBA (such as a thiol group, a maleimide group,        a haloacetamide group, or an amine group), and a group reactive        with the cytotoxic compound, to form a modified cytotoxic        compound covalently bonded to a residue of the bifunctional        crosslinking agent, wherein the residue comprises the linking        group and the group reactive with the CBA;    -   wherein the cytotoxic compound is represented by one of the        following formulas, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt        thereof:

-   -   wherein:        -   Y is a leaving group, and is a sulfite (HSO₃, HSO₂ or a salt            of HSO₃ ⁻, SO₃ ²⁻ or HSO₂ ⁻ formed with a cation),            metabisulfite (H₂S₂O₅ or a salt of S₂O₅ ²⁻ formed with a            cation), mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-thiophosphate (PO₃SH₃,            PO₂S₂H₂, POS₃H₂, PS₄H₂ or a salt of PO₃S³⁻, PO₂S₂ ³⁻, POS₃            ³⁻ or PS₄ ³⁻ formed with a cation), thio phosphate ester            (R^(i)O)₂PS(OR^(i)), R^(i)S—, R^(i)SO, R^(i)SO₂, R^(i)SO₃,            thiosulfate (HS₂O₃ or a salt of S₂O₃ ²⁻ formed with a            cation), dithionite (HS₂O₄ or a salt of S₂O₄ ²⁻ formed with            a cation), phosphorodithioate (P(═S)(OR^(k′))(S)(OH) or a            salt thereof formed with a cation), hydroxamic acid            (R^(k′)C(═O)NOH or a salt formed with a cation),            formaldehyde sulfoxylate (HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻ or a salt of HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻            formed with a cation, such as HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻Na⁺) or a mixture            thereof, wherein R′ is a linear or branched alkyl having 1            to 10 carbon atoms and is substituted with at least one            substituent selected from —N(R^(j))₂, —CO₂H, —SO₃H, and            —PO₃H; R^(i) can be further optionally substituted with a            substituent for an alkyl described herein; R^(j) is a linear            or branched alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; R^(k′) is a            linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having            1 to 10 carbon atoms, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl;        -   X′ is selected from —H, an amine-protecting group, an            optionally substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl,            alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a            polyethylene glycol unit —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R^(c), an optionally            substituted aryl having 6 to 18 carbon atoms, an optionally            substituted 5- to 18-membered heteroaryl ring containing one            or more heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen,            oxygen, and sulfur, and an optionally substituted 3- to            18-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 to 6 heteroatoms            independently selected from O, S, N and P;        -   Y′ is selected from —H, an oxo group, an optionally            substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or            alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an optionally            substituted 6- to 18-membered aryl, an optionally            substituted 5- to 18-membered heteroaryl ring containing one            or more heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen,            oxygen, and sulfur, an optionally substituted 3 to            18-membered heterocyclic ring having 1 to 6 heteroatoms;        -   R^(c) is —H or a substituted or unsubstituted linear or            branched alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms;        -   R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₁ ^(′), R₂′, R₃′ and R₄′ are each            independently selected from the group consisting of —H, an            optionally substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl,            alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a            polyethylene glycol unit —(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—R^(c), halogen,            guanidinium [—NH(C═NH)NH₂], —OR, —NR′R″, —NO₂, —NCO,            —NR′COR″, —SR, a sulfoxide represented by —SOR′, a sulfone            represented by —SO₂R′, a sulfonate —SO₃ ⁻M⁺, a sulfate —OSO₃            ⁻M⁺, a sulfonamide represented by —SO₂NR′R″, cyano, an            azido, —COR′, —OCOR′, —OCONR′R″;        -   R, for each occurrence, is independently selected from the            group consisting of —H, an optionally substituted linear,            branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1            to 10 carbon atoms, a polyethylene glycol unit            —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R^(c), an optionally substituted aryl having            6 to 18 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted 5- to            18-membered heteroaryl ring containing one or more            heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen,            and sulfur, or an optionally substituted 3- to 18-membered            heterocyclic ring containing 1 to 6 heteroatoms            independently selected from O, S, N and P;        -   R′ and R″ are each independently selected from —H, —OH, —OR,            —NHR, —NR₂, —COR, an optionally substituted linear, branched            or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10            carbon atoms, a polyethylene glycol unit            —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R^(c), and an optionally substituted            3-18-membered heterocyclic ring having 1 to 6 heteroatoms            independently selected from O, S, N and P;        -   n is an integer from 1 to 24;        -   W is selected from C═O, C═S, CH₂, BH, SO and SO₂;        -   R₆ is —H, —R, —OR, —SR, —NR′R″, —NO₂, or, halogen;        -   Z and Z′ are independently selected from —(CH₂)_(n′)—,            —(CH₂)_(n′)—CR₇R₈—(CH₂)_(na′)—,            —(CH₂)_(n′)—NR₉—(CH₂)_(na′)—, —(CH₂)_(n′)—O—(CH₂)_(na′)— and            —(CH₂)_(n′)—S—(CH₂)_(na′)—;        -   n′ and na′ are the same or different, and are selected from            0, 1, 2 and 3;        -   R₇ and R₈ are the same or different, and are each            independently selected from —H, —OH, —SH, —COOH, —NHR′, a            polyethylene glycol unit —(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—, an amino acid, a            peptide unit bearing 2 to 6 amino acids, an optionally            substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl having from 1            to 10 carbon atoms;        -   R₉ is independently selected from —H, an optionally            substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl having from 1            to 10 carbon atoms, a polyethylene glycol unit            —(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—;        -   A and A′ are the same or different, and are independently            selected from —O—, oxo (—C(═O)—), —CRR′O—, —CRR′—, —S—,            —CRR′S—, —N(R₅)— and —CRR′N(R₅)—,        -   R₅ for each occurrence is independently —H or an optionally            substituted linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon            atoms;        -   D and D′ are the same or different, and are independently            absent or selected from the group consisting of an            optionally substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl,            alkenyl or alkynyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an amino            acid, a peptide bearing 2 to 6 amino acids, and a            polyethylene glycol unit (—OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—;        -   L is absent, or when present, comprises the thiol group, or            is a polyethylene glycol unit (—OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—, a linear,            branched or cyclic alkyl or alkenyl having 1 to 10 carbon            atoms, a phenyl group, a 3- to 18-membered heterocyclic ring            or a 5- to 18-membered heteroaryl ring having 1 to 6            heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, N and P,            wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, phenyl, or heterocyclic or            heteroaryl ring is optionally substituted; and,    -   b) reacting the modified cytotoxic compound with the CBA through        the group reactive with the CBA, at a pH of about 4 to about 9,        to form the conjugate.

In certain embodiments, the cytotoxic compound is produced by reactingan imine-containing cytotoxic compound bearing the thiol group of thefollowing formulas with an imine reactive reagent in a reaction mixture

In certain embodiments, the method may further comprises purifying thecytotoxic compound prior to step a).

In certain embodiments, the method may further comprises purifying themodified cytotoxic compound prior to step b).

In certain embodiments, the reaction mixture is stored frozen before thefrozen mixture is thawed and step a) is carried out.

In certain embodiments, the method may further comprises storing thereaction mixture of step a) frozen before thawing and before step b) iscarried out.

In certain embodiments, the bifunctional crosslinking agent isbis-maleimidohexane or BMPEO.

An exemplary reaction scheme is shown in FIG. 11, in which in “step 1,”an imine reactive reagent (shown in the reaction scheme as a nucleophile(Nuc:)) is added to a cytotoxic compound containing a thiol. Theresulting cytotoxic compound is optionally purified, before thecytotoxic compound is reacted in “step two” with a bifunctionalcrosslinking agent (such as a bismaleimidohexane or BMPEO) to produce asecond modified drug bearing a thiol-reacting group. Then in “stepthree,” a thiol-containing CBA (such as antibody) is added, and thereaction is allowed to proceed (at pH 6-9) to generate a stabledrug-antibody conjugate. In “step four,” the side products (such asexcess imine reactive reagent, the modified drug that does not reactwith the antibody, etc.) are removed and the conjugate is formulated.The number of the drug molecules conjugated to the antibody is equal ton, which can be from, for example, 1-10.

The imine reactive reagent can be mixed with the drug bearing athiol-reactive group in organic solvent (e.g., dimethylacetamide,dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, acetonitrile, ethanol, methanol,methylene chloride, chloroform, dioxane, or a mixture thereof) or amixture of water (e.g., deionized water) and one or more organicsolvents. When only organic solvent is used, the imine reactive reagentcan be mixed with the drug at room temperature for 30 min or longer (forexample, about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours,about 5 hours, about 10 hours, about 24 hours or until the reaction iscomplete). Preferrably, the incubation/reaction time is about 0-4 hrs,or 1-3 hrs. The resulting mixture can be used immediately to react withthe cell-binding agent (e.g., antibody) modified with a thiol-reactivegroup buffered at pH about 4 to about 9, preferably about 6 to about 9.Alternatively, the mixture can be frozen and stored, for example, at−20° C. or −80° C., and used later while maintaining its reactivity withthe cell-binding agent (e.g., antibody). If a mixture of water andorganic solvent(s) is used as a miscible co-solvent system (e.g., waterand dimethylacetamide), the reaction mixture of the drug and the iminereactive reagent is used immediately after mixing or kept frozen untiluse to react with the cell-binding agent bearing a thiol-reactive group.If a mixture of water and organic solvent(s) is used as a non-miscibleco-solvent system (e.g., water and methylene chloride), the drug and theimine reactive reagent are mixed for 10 min or longer (for example,about 30 mins, about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 5 hours, about 10hours, about 24 hours or until the reaction is complete), and theaqueous layer is collected, quantified for the drug (e.g., by UVspectroscopy) and added to the cell-binding agent (e.g., antibody)bearing a thiol group buffered at pH of about 4 to about 9, preferablyabout 6 to about 9.

In a fourth aspect, the present invention is directed to a method forpreparing a conjugate comprising a cell-binding agent (CBA) conjugatedto a cytotoxic compound with a linking group, the method comprisingreacting a modified cytotoxic compound with the CBA at a pH of about 4to about 9, wherein the modified cytotoxic compound comprises:

-   -   a) a residue of a bifunctional crosslinking agent bonded to the        cytotoxic compound, and the residue comprises the linking group        and a reactive group selected from a reactive ester and a        thiol-reactive group, and,    -   b) a group represented by:

-   -   wherein:        -   Y is a leaving group, and is a sulfite (HSO₃, HSO₂ or a salt            of HSO₃ ⁻, SO₃ ²⁻ or HSO₂ ⁻ formed with a cation),            metabisulfite (H₂S₂O₅ or a salt of S₂O₅ ²⁻ formed with a            cation), mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-thiophosphate (PO₃SH₃,            PO₂S₂H₂, POS₃H₂, PS₄H₂ or a salt of PO₃S³⁻, PO₂S₂ ³⁻, POS₃            ³⁻ or PS₄ ³⁻ formed with a cation), thio phosphate ester            (R^(i)O)₂PS(OR^(i)), R^(i)S—, R^(i)SO, R^(i)SO₂, R^(i)SO₃,            thiosulfate (HS₂O₃ or a salt of S₂O₃ ²⁻ formed with a            cation), dithionite (HS₂O₄ or a salt of S₂O₄ ²⁻ formed with            a cation), phosphorodithioate (P(═S)(OR^(k′))(S)(OH) or a            salt thereof formed with a cation), hydroxamic acid            (R^(k′)C(═O)NOH or a salt formed with a cation),            formaldehyde sulfoxylate (HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻ or a salt of HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻            formed with a cation, such as HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻Na⁺) or a mixture            thereof, wherein R^(i) is a linear or branched alkyl having            1 to 10 carbon atoms and is substituted with at least one            substituent selected from —N(R^(j))₂, —CO₂H, —SO₃H, and            —PO₃H; R^(i) can be further optionally substituted with a            substituent for an alkyl described herein; R^(j) is a linear            or branched alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; R^(k′) is a            linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having            1 to 10 carbon atoms, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments, the modified cytotoxic compound is produced byreacting an imine reactive reagent with an imine-containing cytotoxiccompound bearing the linking group and the reactive group.

In certain embodiments, the method may further comprises purifying themodified cytotoxic compound prior to reacting with the CBA.

In certain embodiments, the reactive ester may be selected from thegroup consisting of N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide ester, nitrophenyl ester, dinitrophenyl ester,tetrafluorophenyl ester, sulfo-tetrafluorophenyl ester, andpentafluorophenyl ester. Preferably, the reactive ester isN-hydroxysuccinimide ester.

In certain embodiments, the thiol-reactive group may be selected fromthe group consisting of maleimido, vinylpyridine, vinyl sulfone, vinylsulfonamide, a haloacetyl-based group and a disulfide group.

In certain embodiments, the thiol-reactive group may be maleimido,haloacetamido or —SSR^(d), wherein R^(d) is a linear or branched alkylhaving 1 to 4 carbon atoms, phenyl, nitrophenyl, dinitrophenyl,carboxynitrophenyl, pyridyl, 2-nitropyridyl, 4-nitropyridyl, or3-carboxy-4-nitropyridyl.

An exemplary reaction scheme is shown in FIG. 7, in which in “step one,”an imine reactive reagent (shown in the reaction scheme as a nucleophile(Nuc:)) is added to the drug containing an reactive ester (1c) andallowed to react to form a modified drug. The modified drug can beoptionally purified to remove excess imine reactive reagent. In “steptwo,” the modified drug with a reactive ester is reacted with anantibody buffered at pH 6-9. In “step three,” the side products (such asexcess imine reactive reagent, modified drug that does not react withthe antibody, etc.) are removed, and the conjugate is formulated. Thenumber of the drug molecules conjugated to the antibody is equal to n,which can be from, for example, 1 to 10.

Another reaction scheme depicting an exemplary method of the presentinvention is shown in FIG. 9. In “step one,” an imine reactive regent isadded to the drug containing a thiol-reactive group (where R ismaleimide group, SSPy, etc.) and allowed to react and form a modifieddrug. The modified drug is optionally purified to remove excess iminereactive reagent. In “step two,” the modified drug is reacted with anantibody containing a reactive thiol to form an antibody-drug conjugatehaving antibody covalently linked to the drug through a stable disulfideor thioether bond. Antibodies with reactive thiol group can be generatedby methods described herein, for example, by reducing interchaindisulfides, genetically encoding cysteine, or modifying antibody withlinkers containing thiols or chemically masked thiols. In “step three,”the drug which does not react with the antibody is removed and theconjugate is formulated. The number of the drug molecules conjugated tothe antibody is equal to n, which can be from, for example, 1-10.

The imine reactive reagent can be mixed with the drug bearing anactivated ester

(e.g., N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester, pentafluorophenol ester, sulfoN-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester) in an organic solvent (e.g., dimethylacetamide, ethanol, methylene chloride, chloroform, dioxane, or amixture thereof) or a mixture of water (e.g., deionized water) and oneor more organic solvents. When only organic solvent is used, the iminereactive reagent can be mixed with the drug at a temperature of 0 to100° C., preferably at a temperature of 0 to 30° C., more preferably atroom temperature for 5 min or longer (for example, about 30 min, 1 hour,about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 5 hours, about 10hours, about 24 hours or until the reaction is complete). Preferrably,the incubation/reaction time is about 0-4 hrs, or 1-3 hrs. The resultingreaction mixture can be used immediately to react with the cell-bindingagent (e.g., antibody) buffered in pH of about 4 to about 9, preferablyabout 6 to about 9. Alternatively, the reaction mixture can be frozenand stored, for example, at about −20° C. or −80° C. and used laterwhile maintaining its reactivity with the antibody. Preferrably, nopurification of intermediate products is required. When a mixture ofwater and organic solvent is used as a miscible co-solvent system (e.g.,water and dimethylacetamide), the drug and imine reaction mixture isused immediately after mixing, or kept frozen until use, to react withthe cell-binding agent (e.g., antibody). When a mixture of water andorganic solvent is used as a non-miscible co-solvent system (e.g., waterand methylene chloride), the drug and the imine reactive reagent aremixed for 10 min or longer, and the aqueous layer is collected,quantified for the drug and added to the cell-binding agent (e.g.,antibody) buffered at pH about 4 to about 9, preferably about 6 to about9.

In any of the above aspects, a suitable amount of the imine reactivereagent can be used. For example, about 0.1 to about 30 molarequivalents of the imine reactive reagent to the drug can be used.Preferably, about 1 to about 10 molar equivalents, more preferably,about 1 to about 5 molar equivalents, and even more preferably about 3to about 5 molar equivalents of the imine reactive reagent can be used.

Using this general procedure, in any of the above aspects, any of thefollowing imine reactive reagent can be used: sulfites (H₂SO₃, H₂SO₂ ora salt of HSO₃ ⁻, SO₃ ²⁻ or HSO₂ ⁻ formed with a cation), metabisulfite(H₂S₂O₅ or a salt of S₂O₅ ²⁻ formed with a cation), mono, di, tri, andtetra-thiophosphates (PO₃SH₃, PO₂S₂H₃, POS₃H₃, PS₄H₃ or a salt ofPO₃S³⁻, PO₂S₂ ³⁻, POS₃ ³⁻ or PS₄ ³⁻ formed with a cation), thiophosphate esters ((R^(i)O)₂PS(OR^(i)), R^(i)SH, R^(i)SOH, R^(i)SO₂H,R^(i)SO₃H), various amines (hydroxylamine (e.g., NH₂OH), hydrazine(e.g., NH₂NH₂), NH₂O—R^(i), R^(i), NH—R^(i), NH₂—R^(i)), NH₂—CO—NH₂,NH₂—C(═S)—NH₂, thiosulfate (H₂S₂O₃ or a salt of S₂O₃ ²⁻ formed with acation), dithionite (H₂S₂O₄ or a salt of S₂O₄ ²⁻ formed with a cation),phosphorodithioate (P(═S)(OR^(k))(SH)(OH) or a salt thereof formed witha cation), hydroxamic acid (R^(k)C(═O)NHOH or a salt formed with acation), hydrazide (R^(k)CONHNH₂), formaldehyde sulfoxylate (HOCH₂SO₂Hor a salt of HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻ formed with a cation, such as HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻Na⁺),glycated nucleotide (such as GDP-mannose), fludarabine or a mixturethereof, wherein R^(i) and R^(i′) are each independently a linear orbranched alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and are substituted with atleast one substituent selected from —N(R^(j))₂, —CO₂H, —SO₃H, and —PO₃H;R^(i) and R^(i′) can be further optionally substituted with asubstituent for an alkyl described herein; R^(j) is a linear or branchedalkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; and R^(k) is a linear, branched orcyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, aryl,heterocyclyl or heteroaryl (preferably, R^(k) is a linear or branchedalkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms; more preferably, R^(k) is methyl,ethyl or propyl). Preferably, the cation is a monovalent cation, such asNa⁺ or K⁺.

Preferably, the imine reactive reagent is selected from sulfites (e.g.,NaHSO₃ or KHSO₃), hydroxylamine, hydrazine and urea. More preferably,the imine reactive reagent is NaHSO₃ or KHSO₃.

In one embodiment, the modified drugs described in any of the aboveaspects are purified before reacting with a cell-binding agent. Anysuitable methods known in the art can be used for purifying the modifieddrug. For example, the modified drug can be purified by columnchromatography (e.g., silica gel chromatography) or HPLC.

In another embodiment, the cell-binding agent-drug conjugate preparedaccording to any of the aspects above is purified by tangential flowfiltration, adsorptive chromatography, adsorptive filtration, selectiveprecipitation, non-absorptive filtration or combination thereof.Preferably, tangential flow filtration (TFF, also known as cross flowfiltration, ultrafiltration and diafiltration) and/or adsorptivechromatography resins are used for the purification of the conjugates.

Any suitable TFF systems may be utilized, including a Pellicon typesystem (Millipore, Billerica, Mass.), a Sartocon Cassette system(Sartorius AG, Edgewood, N.Y.), and a Centrasette type system (PallCorp., East Hills, N.Y.).

Any suitable adsorptive chromatography resin may be utilized. Preferredadsorptive chromatography resins include resins for hydroxyapatitechromatography, hydrophobic charge induction chromatography (HClC),hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC), ion exchangechromatography, mixed mode ion exchange chromatography, immobilizedmetal affinity chromatography (IMAC), dye ligand chromatography,affinity chromatography, reversed phase chromatography, and combinationsthereof. Examples of suitable hydroxyapatite resins include ceramichydroxyapatite (CHT Type I and Type II, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules,Calif.), HA Ultrogel hydroxyapatite (Pall Corp., East Hills, N.Y.), andceramic fluoroapatite (CFT Type I and Type II, Bio-Rad Laboratories,Hercules, Calif.). An example of a suitable HCIC resin is MEP Hypercelresin (Pall Corp., East Hills, N.Y.). Examples of suitable HIC resinsinclude Butyl-Sepharose, Hexyl-Sepaharose, Phenyl-Sepharose, and OctylSepharose resins (all from GE Healthcare, Piscataway, N.J.), as well asMacro-prep Methyl and Macro-Prep t-Butyl resins (Biorad Laboratories,Hercules, Calif.). Examples of suitable ion exchange resins includeSP-Sepharose, CM-Sepharose, and Q-Sepharose resins (all from GEHealthcare, Piscataway, N.J.), and Unosphere S resin (Bio-RadLaboratories, Hercules, Calif.). Examples of suitable mixed mode ionexchangers include Bakerbond ABx resin (JT Baker, Phillipsburg N.J.).Examples of suitable IMAC resins include Chelating Sepharose resin (GEHealthcare, Piscataway, N.J.) and Profinity IMAC resin (Bio-RadLaboratories, Hercules, Calif.). Examples of suitable dye ligand resinsinclude Blue Sepharose resin (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, N.J.) andAffi-gel Blue resin (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, Calif.). Examplesof suitable affinity resins include Protein A Sepharose resin (e.g.,MabSelect, GE Healthcare, Piscataway, N.J.), where the cell bindingagent is an antibody, and lectin affinity resins, e.g. Lentil LectinSepharose resin (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, N.J.), where the cellbinding agent bears appropriate lectin binding sites. Alternatively anantibody specific to the cell binding agent may be used. Such anantibody can be immobilized to, for instance, Sepharose 4 Fast Flowresin (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, N.J.). Examples of suitable reversedphase resins include C4, C8, and C18 resins (Grace Vydac, Hesperia,Calif.).

Any suitable non-absorptive chromatography resins can be used in themethods of the present invention. Examples of suitable chromatographyresins include, but are not limited to, SEPHADEX™ G-25, G-50, G-100,SEPHACRYL™ resins (e.g., S-200 and S-300), SUPERDEX™ resins (e.g.,SUPERDEX™ 75 and SUPERDEX™ 200), BIO-GEL® resins (e.g., P-6, P-10, P-30,P-60, and P-100), and others known to those of ordinary skill in theart.

Drugs Bearing a Linking Moiety

Drugs that can be used in the present methods include compoundsdescribed in US2010/0316656, US 2010/003641, US2010/0203007, all ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference.

In certain other embodiments, cytotoxic compounds that can be conjugatedwith cell-binding agents via a linking group do not comprise the linkinggroup. Instead, a bifunctional cross-linking reagent (comprising thelinking group) may be required to conjugate the linkerless cytotoxiccompound with the CBA through the linker group.

Thus in the first specific embodiment, a drug covalently connected to alinking group with a reactive group bonded thereto, which can be used inthe methods of the present invention (such as in the 1-step reagentmethod as described in the fourth aspect of the invention above), orwhich may be an intermediate product of the methods of the invention(such as the method described in the third aspect of the invention), isa cytotoxic compound bearing a reactive group, such as a reactive esteror a thiol-reactive group (collectively “the reactive group”),comprising a linking group with the reactive group bonded thereto,capable of covalently linking the cytotoxic compound to the CBA, whereinthe cytotoxic compound is represented by any one of the followingformulas:

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Upon reacting        with the imine reactive reagent, the cytotoxic compounds may be        represented by any one of the following formulas:

-   -   wherein:        -   Y is a sulfite (HSO₃, HSO₂ or a salt of HSO₃ ⁻, SO₃ ²⁻ or            HSO₂ ⁻ formed with a cation), metabisulfite (H₂S₂O₅ or a            salt of S₂O₅ ²⁻ formed with a cation), mono-, di-, tri-, and            tetra-thiophosphate (PO₃SH₃, PO₂S₂H₂, POS₃H₂, PS₄H₂ or a            salt of PO₃S³⁻, PO₂S₂ ³⁻, POS₃ ³⁻ or PS₄ ³⁻ formed with a            cation), thio phosphate ester (R^(i)O)₂PS(OR^(i)), R^(i)S—,            R^(i)SO, R^(i)SO₂, R^(i)SO₃, thiosulfate (HS₂O₃ or a salt of            S₂O₃ ²⁻ formed with a cation), dithionite (HS₂O₄ or a salt            of S₂O₄ ²⁻ formed with a cation), phosphorodithioate            (P(═S)(OR^(k′))(S)(OH) or a salt thereof formed with a            cation), hydroxamic acid (R^(k′)C(═O)NOH or a salt formed            with a cation), formaldehyde sulfoxylate (HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻ or a            salt of HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻ formed with a cation, such as HOCH₂SO₂            ⁻Na⁺) or a mixture thereof, wherein R^(i) is a linear or            branched alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and is            substituted with at least one substituent selected from            —N(R^(j))₂, —CO₂H, —SO₃H, and —PO₃H; R^(i) can be further            optionally substituted with a substituent for an alkyl            described herein; R^(j) is a linear or branched alkyl having            1 to 6 carbon atoms; R^(k′) is a linear, branched or cyclic            alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, aryl,            heterocyclyl or heteroaryl;        -   X′ is selected from —H, —OH, an amine-protecting group, the            linking group with the reactive group bonded thereto, an            optionally substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl,            alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a            polyethylene glycol unit —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R^(c), an optionally            substituted aryl having 6 to 18 carbon atoms, an optionally            substituted 5- to 18-membered heteroaryl ring containing one            or more heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen,            oxygen, and sulfur, and an optionally substituted 3- to            18-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 to 6 heteroatoms            independently selected from O, S, N and P;        -   Y′ is selected from —H, an oxo group, the linking group with            the reactive group bonded thereto, an optionally substituted            linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having            from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted 6- to            18-membered aryl, an optionally substituted 5- to            18-membered heteroaryl ring containing one or more            heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen,            and sulfur, an optionally substituted 3- to 18-membered            heterocyclic ring having 1 to 6 heteroatoms;        -   R^(c) is —H or a substituted or unsubstituted linear or            branched alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or the linking            group with the reactive group bonded thereto;        -   R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₁′, R₂′, R₃′ and R₄′ are each independently            selected from the group consisting of —H, an optionally            substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or            alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a polyethylene            glycol unit —(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—R^(c), halogen, guanidinium            [—NH(C═NH)NH₂], —OR, —NR′R″, —NO₂, —NCO, —NR′COR″, —SR, a            sulfoxide represented by —SOR′, a sulfone represented by            —SO₂R′, a sulfonate —SO₃ ⁻M⁺, a sulfate —OSO₃ ⁻M⁺, a            sulfonamide represented by —SO₂NR′R″, cyano, an azido,            —COR′, —OCOR′, —OCONR′R″, and the linking group with the            reactive group bonded thereto;        -   R, for each occurrence, is independently selected from the            group consisting of —H, an optionally substituted linear,            branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1            to 10 carbon atoms, a polyethylene glycol unit            —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R^(c), an optionally substituted aryl having            6 to 18 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted 5- to            18-membered heteroaryl ring containing one or more            heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen,            and sulfur, or an optionally substituted 3- to 18-membered            heterocyclic ring containing 1 to 6 heteroatoms            independently selected from O, S, N and P;        -   R′ and R″ are each independently selected from —H, —OH, —OR,            —NHR, —NR₂, —COR, an optionally substituted linear, branched            or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10            carbon atoms, a polyethylene glycol unit            —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R^(c), and an optionally substituted 3- to            18-membered heterocyclic ring having 1 to 6 heteroatoms            independently selected from O, S, N and P;        -   n is an integer from 1 to 24;        -   W is selected from C═O, C═S, CH₂, BH, SO and SO₂;        -   R₆ is —H, —R, —OR, —SR, —NR′R″, —NO₂, halogen or the linking            group with the reactive group bonded thereto;        -   Z and Z′ are independently selected from —(CH₂)_(n′)—,            —(CH₂)_(n′)—CR₇R₈—(CH₂)_(na′)—,            —(CH₂)_(n′)—NR₉—(CH₂)_(na′)—, —(CH₂)_(n′)—O—(CH₂)_(na′)— and            —(CH₂)_(n′)—S—(CH₂)_(na′)—;        -   n′ and na′ are the same or different, and are selected from            0, 1, 2 and 3;        -   R₇ and R₈ are the same or different, and are each            independently selected from —H, —OH, —SH, —COOH, —NHR′, a            polyethylene glycol unit —(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—, an amino acid, a            peptide unit bearing 2 to 6 amino acids, an optionally            substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl having from 1            to 10 carbon atoms;        -   R₉ is independently selected from —H, an optionally            substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl having from 1            to 10 carbon atoms, a polyethylene glycol unit            —(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—;        -   A and A′ are the same or different, and are independently            selected from —O—, oxo (—C(═O)—), —CRR′O—, —CRR′—, —S—,            —CRR′S—, —NR₅ and —CRR′N(R₅)—;        -   R₅ for each occurrence is independently —H or an optionally            substituted linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon            atoms;        -   D and D′ are the same or different, and are independently            absent or selected from the group consisting of an            optionally substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl,            alkenyl or alkynyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an amino            acid, a peptide bearing 2 to 6 amino acids, and a            polyethylene glycol unit (—OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—;        -   L is absent, the linking group with the reactive group            bonded thereto, a polyethylene glycol unit (—OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—,            a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkenyl having 1 to 10            carbon atoms, a phenyl group, a 3 to 18-membered            heterocyclic ring or a 5- to 18-membered heteroaryl ring            having 1 to 6 heteroatoms independently selected from O, S,            N and P, wherein the alkyl or alkenyl is optionally            substituted with the linking group with the reactive group            bonded thereto; phenyl or heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring            can be optionally substituted, wherein the substituent can            be the linking group with the reactive group bonded thereto.        -   Preferably, L is absent, or is selected from an optionally            substituted phenyl group and an optionally substituted            pyridyl group, wherein the phenyl and the pyridyl group            bears the linking group with the reactive group bonded            thereto, or L is an amine group bearing the linking group            with the reactive group bonded thereto (i.e., —N(linking            group)-), or L is a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl or            alkenyl having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and bearing the            linking group with the reactive group bonded thereto.

Several representative compounds of formulas (Ia′) and (IIa′) are listedbelow:

In certain embodiments,

-   -   X′ is selected from the group consisting of —H, —OH, an        optionally substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl        or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, phenyl, the linking        group with the reactive group bonded thereto, and an        amine-protecting group. Preferably, X′ is —H, —OH, -Me or the        linking group with the reactive group bonded thereto. More        preferably, X′ is —H;    -   Y′ is selected from the group consisting of —H, an oxo group, a        substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl,        alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Preferably,        Y′ is selected from —H or oxo. More preferably, Y′ is —H;    -   W is C═O;    -   R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₁′, R₂′, R₃′, and R₄′ are each independently        selected from —H, —NR′R″, —NR′(C═O)R, —OR, —SR, —NO₂ and the        linking group with the reactive group bonded thereto.        Preferably, one of R₂, R₃, R₂′, and R₃′ is the linking group        with the reactive group bonded thereto and the rest are —H;    -   R, for each occurrence, is independently selected from the group        consisting of —H, an optionally substituted linear, branched or        cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon        atoms or phenyl;    -   R′ and R″ are the same or different, and are independently        selected from —H, —OH, —OR, an optionally substituted linear,        branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10        carbon atoms or phenyl;    -   R₆ is —OR^(c) or —SR^(c), wherein R^(c) is —H, a linear or        branched alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Preferably, R₆ is        —OMe or —SMe. Even more preferably, R₆ is —OMe;    -   Z and Z′ are —CH₂—;    -   A and A′ are the same or different, and are selected from —O—,        —S—, —NR₅ and oxo (C═O). Preferably, A and A′ are the same or        different, and are selected from —O— and —S—. More preferably, A        and A′ are —O—;    -   D and D′ are the same or different, and are independently        selected from a polyethylene glycol unit (—OCH₂CH₂)_(n), wherein        n is an integer from 1 to 24, an amino acid, a peptide bearing 2        to 6 amino acids, or a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl        or alkynyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, wherein the alkyl,        alkenyl and alkynyl are optionally substituted with one or more        (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more) substituents independently        selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OR, —NR′COR″,        —SR, and —COR′;    -   Preferably, D and D′ are the same or different, and are        independently selected from linear, branched or cyclic alkyl,        alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. More        preferably, D and D′ are linear or branched alkyl bearing 1 to 4        carbon atoms. Still more preferably, D and D′ are the same or        different, and are selected from a linear alkyl having 1 to 4        carbon atoms;    -   L is absent, or is selected from an optionally substituted        phenyl group and an optionally substituted pyridyl group,        wherein the phenyl and the pyridyl group bears the linking group        with the reactive group bonded thereto, or L is an amine group        bearing the linking group with the reactive group bonded thereto        (i.e., —N (linking group)-), or L is a linear, branched or        cyclic alkyl or alkenyl having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and        bearing the linking group with the reactive group bonded        thereto.

In a second specific embodiment, for cytotoxic dimers (Ia) or (IIa), thevariables are as described below:

W is C═O;

R₁, R₂, R₁′, R₂′, R₄, and R₄′ are —H;

one of R₃ or R₃′ is optionally the linking group with the reactive groupbonded thereto and the other is —H;

R₆ is —OMe;

Z and Z′ are —CH₂—;

X′ is —H;

Y′ is —H;

A and A′ are —O—; and the remainder of the variables are as described inthe first specific embodiment.

In a third specific embodiment, the cytotoxic dimers (bonded to thelinking group with the reactive group attached thereto) of formula (Ia′)and (IIa′) are represented by the following formulas:

wherein:

-   -   X′ is selected from the group consisting of —H, —OH, a        substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl,        alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, phenyl, and        an amine-protecting group. Preferably, X′ is —H, —OH or -Me.        More preferably, X′ is —H;    -   Y′ is selected from the group consisting of —H, an oxo group, a        substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl,        alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Preferably,        Y′ is selected from —H or -Me. More preferably Y′ is —H;    -   L′, L″, and L′″ are same or different and are independently        selected from —H, an optionally substituted linear, branched or        cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon        atoms, a polyethylene glycol unit —(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—R^(c), halogen,        guanidinium [—NH(C═NH)NH₂], —OR, —NR′R″, —NO₂, —NR′COR″, —SR, a        sulfoxide represented by —SOR′, a sulfone represented by —SO₂R′,        a sulfonate —SO₃ ⁻M⁺, a sulfate —OSO₃ ⁺M⁻, a sulfonamide        represented by —SO₂NR′R″, cyano, an azido, —COR′, —OCOR′,        —OCONR′R″ and the linking group with the reactive group bonded        thereto, provided only one of L′, L″ and L′″ is the linking        group with the reactive group bonded thereto. Preferably, L′ is        the linking group with the reactive group bonded thereto.        Alternatively, one of L′, L″, or L′″ is the linking group with        the reactive group bonded thereto, while the others are —H. More        preferably, L′ is the linking group with the reactive group        bonded thereto, and L″ and L′″ are —H;    -   R₆ is —OR^(c) or —SR^(c), wherein R^(c) is a linear or branched        alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Preferably, R₆ is —OMe or        —SMe. Even more preferably, R₆ is —OMe;    -   A and A′ are selected from —O— and —S—. Preferably, A and A′ are        —O—;    -   R is —H, an optionally substituted linear, branched or cyclic        alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms or a        PEG group (CH₂CH₂O)n-R^(c);    -   n is an integer from 1 to 24; and,    -   R^(c) is a linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms;    -   R′ and R″ are the same or different, and are selected from —H,        —OH, —OR, —NRR^(g′), —COR, an optionally substituted linear,        branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10        carbon atoms, an optionally substituted aryl having from 6 to 18        carbon atoms, an optionally substituted 3- to 18-membered        heterocyclic ring having 1 to 6 heteroatoms selected from O, S,        N and P, a PEG group —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R^(c), wherein n is an        integer from 1 to 24, preferably n is 2, 4 or 8; and R^(g′) is        —H, an optionally substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl,        alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms or a PEG        group (CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R^(c);    -   G is selected from —CH— or —N—; and the remainder of the        variables are as described in the first specific embodiment.

In a fourth specific embodiment, for the cytotoxic dimers of formula(IAa′) or (IIAa′), L′ is represented by the formula:

—W′—R^(x)—V—R^(y)-J,

wherein:

-   -   W′ and V are the same or different, and are each independently        absent, or selected from —CR^(e)R^(e)—, —O—, —O—C(═O)—,        —C(═O)—O—, —S—, —SO—, —SO₂—, —CH₂—S—, —CH₂O—, —CH₂NR^(e)—,        —O—(C═O)O—, —O—(C═O)N(R^(e))—, —N(R^(e))—, —N(R^(e))—C(═O)—,        —C(═O)—N(R^(e))—, —N(R^(e))—C(═O)O—, —N(C(═O)R^(e))C(═O)—,        —N(C(═O)R^(e))—, —(O—CH₂—CH₂)_(n)—, —SS—, or —C(═O)—, or an        amino acid, or a peptide having 2 to 8 amino acids;    -   R^(x) and R^(y) are the same or different, and are each        independently absent or an optionally substituted linear,        branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having 1 to 10        carbon atoms, an aryl bearing 6 to 10 carbon atoms or a 3- to        8-membered hetereocyclic ring bearing 1 to 3 heteroatoms        selected from O, N or S;    -   R^(e) and R^(e′) are the same or different, and are selected        from —H, a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl        having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(n)—R^(k), wherein        R^(k) is a —H, a linear, branched cyclic alkyl having 1 to 6        carbon atoms, optionally bearing a secondary amino (e.g.,        —NHR¹⁰¹) or tertiary amino (—NR¹⁰¹R¹⁰²) group or a 5- or        6-membered nitrogen containing heterocycle, such as piperidine        or morpholine, wherein R¹⁰¹ and R¹⁰² are each independently a        linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having 1        to 10 carbon atoms; preferably, R¹⁰¹ and R¹⁰² are each        independently a linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon        atoms;    -   n is an integer from 1 to 24; and    -   J comprises the reactive group bonded thereto, and is selected        from a maleimide, a haloacetamido, —SH, —SSR^(d), —CH₂SH,        —CH(Me)SH, —C(Me)₂SH, and —COE, wherein —COE represents a        reactive ester selected from, but not limited to,        N-hydroxysuccinimde ester, N-hydroxy sulfosuccinimide ester,        nitrophenyl (e.g., 2 or 4-nitrophenyl) ester, dinitrophenyl        (e.g., 2,4-dinitrophenyl) ester, sulfo-tetrafluorophenyl (e.g.,        4-sulfo-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl) ester, and pentafluorophenyl        ester, and wherein R^(c1) is —H or a substituted or        unsubstituted linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon        atoms, and,    -   R^(d) is selected from phenyl, nitrophenyl (e.g., 2 or        4-nitrophenyl), dinitrophenyl (e.g., 2 or 4-nitrophenyl),        carboxynitrophenyl (e.g., 3-carboxy-4-nitrophenyl), pyridyl or        nitropyridyl (e.g., 4-nitropyridyl).

Preferably, J is —SH, —SSR^(d), a maleimide, or a N-hydroxysuccinimideester.

Preferably, R^(e′) is —H or -Me; R^(e) is a linear or branched alkylhaving 1 to 6 carbon atoms or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(n)—R^(k); n is an integerfrom 2 to 8; preferably R^(k) is —H, -Me or —CH₂CH₂—NMe₂, and theremainder of the variables are as described above in the third specificembodiment.

In another preferred embodiment, V is an amino acid or a peptide having2 to 8 amino acids. More preferably, V is valine-citrulline, gly-gly-glyor ala-leu-ala-leu.

In another preferred embodiment, W′ is —O—, —N(R^(e))— or—N(R^(e))—C(═O)—; R^(e) is —H, a linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 4carbon atoms, or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(n)—R^(k); R^(x) is a linear or branchedalkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; V is absent, —(O—CH₂—CH₂)_(n)—,—C(═O)—NH—, —S—, —NH—C(═O)—; R^(y) is absent or a linear or branchedalkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and J is —SH, —SSR^(d) or —COE(preferably, N-hydroxysuccinimide ester). The remainder of the variablesis as described in the fourth specific embodiment.

In another preferred embodiment, W′ is —O—, —N(R^(e))— or—N(R^(e))—C(═O)—; R^(e) is H, -Me, or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(n)-Me; n is aninteger from 2 to 6; R^(x) is linear or branched alkyl bearing 1 to 6carbon atoms; V and R^(y) are absent; and J is —COE, preferablyN-hydroxysuccinimide ester.

In a fifth specific embodiment, L′ is represented by the followingformula:

—W′—[CR_(1″)R_(2″)]_(a)—V-[Cy]₀₋₁-[CR_(3″)R_(4″)]_(b)—COE,

wherein:

-   -   R_(1″), R_(2″), and R_(3″) are each independently —H or -Me;    -   R_(4″) is —H, -Me, —SO₃H, or —SO₃ ⁻M⁺, wherein M⁺ is a        pharmaceutically acceptable cation;    -   a is an integers from 0-2, b is an integer from 0-3; and,    -   Cy is an optionally substituted 5-membered heterocyclic ring        bearing an N heteroatom, preferably Cy is

In certain embodiments, such as in the fourth or the fifth specificembodiments, W′ is —N(R^(e))—.

In certain embodiments, such as in the fourth or the fifth specificembodiments, R^(e) is —(CH₂—CH₂—O)₂₋₆—R^(k), wherein R^(k) is a —H, alinear, branched cyclic alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

In certain embodiments, such as in the fourth or the fifth specificembodiments, V is —S— or —SS—.

In a sixth specific embodiment, L′, such as in the fourth or the fifthspecific embodiments, is represented by the following formula:

—NR^(e)—[CR_(1″)R_(2″)]_(a)—S—[CR_(3″)R_(4″)]_(b)—COE.

In certain embodiments, the cytotoxic compound bonded to the linkinggroup with the reactive group attached thereto, as in the 4th, 5th, and6th specific embodiments, is:

wherein Y is —SO₃M, and M is —H or a pharmaceutically acceptable cation.

In a seventh specific embodiment, L′, such as in the fourth, fifth, orsixth specific embodiment, is represented by the following formula:

—NR^(e)—[CR_(1″)R_(2″)]_(a)—S-Cy-[CR_(3″)R_(4″)]_(b)—COE.

In certain embodiments, the cytotoxic compound bonded to the linkinggroup with the reactive group attached thereto, as in the 4th, 5th, and7th specific embodiment, is:

wherein Y is —SO₃M, and M is —H or a pharmaceutically acceptable cation.

In an eighth specific embodiment, the cytotoxic compounds of formula(Ia) and (IIa) are represented by the following formulas:

wherein:

-   -   W′ is absent, or selected from —O—, —N(R^(e))—,        —N(R^(e))—C(═O)—, —N(C(═O)R^(e))—, —S— or —CH₂—S—, —CH₂NR^(e)—;    -   R^(x) is absent or selected from a linear, branched or cyclic        alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms;

R^(e) is —H, a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynylhaving 1 to 10 carbon atoms or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(n)—R^(k), wherein R^(k) isa —H, a linear, branched cyclic alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms,optionally bearing a secondary amino (e.g., —NHR¹⁰¹) or tertiary amino(—NR¹⁰¹R¹⁰²) group or a 5 or 6-membered nitrogen containing heterocycle,such as piperidine or morpholine, wherein R¹⁰¹ and R¹⁰² are eachindependently a linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynylhaving 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Preferably, R¹⁰¹ and R¹⁰² are eachindependently a linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms;

-   -   Z^(s) is —H, —SR^(m);    -   R^(m) is R^(d) or a substituted or unsubstituted linear or        branched alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms bearing a reactive        ester, selected from N-hydroxysuccinimide esters,        N-hydroxyphtalimide esters, N-hydroxy sulfo-succinimide esters,        para-nitrophenyl esters, dinitrophenyl esters, pentafluorophenyl        esters;    -   R^(d) is selected from phenyl, nitrophenyl, dinitrophenyl,        carboxynitrophenyl, pyridyl or nitropyridyl;    -   n is an integer from 1 to 24; and the remainder of the variables        are as described above in the fourth specific embodiment.

Preferably, R^(k) is —H or -Me and n is an integer from 2 to 8.Preferably, R^(x) is a linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 6 carbonatoms; and the remainder of the variables is as described above in thefifth specific embodiment.

In certain embodiments, for compounds of formula (IBa) and (IIBa)described in the eighth specific embodiment, the variables are asdescribed below:

X′ and Y′ are both —H;

A and A′ are both —O—;

R₆ is —OMe;

R^(x) is a linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; and theremainder of the variables is as described above in the eighth specificembodiment.

Preferably, R^(x) is —(CH₂)_(p)—(CR^(f)R^(g))—, wherein R^(f) and R^(g)are each independently selected from H or a linear or branched alkylhaving 1 to 4 carbon atoms; p is 0, 1, 2 or 3. More preferably, R^(f)and R^(g) are the same or different and are selected from —H and -Me;and p is 1.

In a ninth specific embodiment, the cytotoxic compound bonded to thelinking group with the reactive group attached thereto is represented byany one of the following formulas:

wherein:

-   -   Y is selected from —SO₃M, —SO₂M or —OSO₃M;    -   M is —H or a pharmaceutically acceptable cation such as Na⁺ or        K⁺;    -   X′ is selected from the group consisting of —H, —OH, a        substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl,        alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, phenyl, and        an amine-protecting group;    -   Y′ is selected from the group consisting of —H, an oxo group, a        substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl,        alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms;    -   A and A′ are selected from —O— and —S—;    -   W′ is absent, or selected from —O—, —N(R^(e))—,        —N(R^(e))—C(═O)—, —N(C(═O)R^(e))—, —S— or —CH₂—S—, —CH₂NR^(e)—;    -   R^(x) is absent or selected from a linear, branched or cyclic        alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms;    -   R^(e) is —H, a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or        alkynyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(n)—R^(k),        wherein R^(k) is a —H, a linear, branched cyclic alkyl having 1        to 6 carbon atoms, optionally bearing a secondary amino (e.g.,        —NHR¹⁰¹) or tertiary amino (—NR¹⁰¹R¹⁰²) group or a 5- or        6-membered nitrogen containing heterocycle, such as piperidine        or morpholine, wherein R¹⁰¹ and R¹⁰² are each independently a        linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having 1        to 10 carbon atoms;    -   G is selected from —CH— or —N—;    -   Z^(s) is —H, or is selected from any one of the following        formulas:

wherein:

-   -   q is an integer from 1 to 5; preferably q is 2;    -   n is an integer from 2 to 6; preferably n is 4;    -   D is —H or —SO₃M;    -   M is —H or a pharmaceutically acceptable cation, such as Na⁺ or        K⁺.

In certain embodiments, Z^(s) is represented by any one of the followingformulas:

In certain embodiments, such as the ninth specific embodiment, W′ is—N(R^(e))—.

In certain embodiments, R^(e) is —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(n)—R^(k), wherein R^(k)is a —H, a linear, branched cyclic alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

In certain embodiments, R^(k) is —H or -Me, n is 4, and q is 2.

In certain embodiments, R^(x) is a linear or branched alkyl having 1 to6 carbon atoms.

In certain embodiments, R^(x) is —(CH₂)_(p)—(CR^(f)R^(g))—, whereinR^(f) and R^(g) are each independently selected from —H or a linear orbranched alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and p is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

In certain embodiments, R^(f) and R^(g) are the same or different, andare selected from —H and -Me; and p is 1.

In a tenth specific embodiment, the variables of the ninth specificembodiment are represented below: Y is —SO₃M; M is —H or apharmaceutically acceptable cation (e.g., Na⁺); X′ and Y′ are both —H; Aand A′ are both —O—; R₆ is —OMe; and R^(x) is a linear or branched alkylhaving 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

In any of the embodiments above, such as the 1^(st) through the 9^(th)specific embodiments, Y is selected from —SO₃M, —SO₂M and a sulfate—OSO₃M. Preferably, Y is —SO₃M, wherein M is preferably —H, Na⁺ or K⁺.

In any of the embodiments above, such as the 1^(st) through the 10^(th)specific embodiments, W, when present, is C═O.

In any of the embodiments above, such as the 1^(st) through the 10^(th)specific embodiments, Z and Z′, when present, are —CH₂—.

In any of the embodiments above, such as the 1^(st) through the 10^(th)specific embodiments, X′ is selected from the group consisting of —H,—OH, an optionally substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenylor alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, phenyl, the linking groupwith the reactive group bonded thereto, and an amine-protecting group.Preferably, X′ is —H, —OH, -Me or the linking group with the reactivegroup bonded thereto. More preferably, X′ is —H.

In any of the embodiments above, such as the 1^(st) through the 10^(th)specific embodiments, Y′ is selected from the group consisting of —H, anoxo group, a substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched or cyclicalkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Preferably,Y′ is —H or oxo. More preferably, Y′ is —H.

In any of the embodiments above, such as the 1^(st) through the 10^(th)specific embodiments, A and A′ are the same or different, and areselected from —O—, —S—, —NR₅—, and oxo —(C═O)—. Preferably, A and A′ arethe same or different, and are selected from —O— and —S—. Morepreferably, A and A′ are —O—.

In any of the embodiments above, such as the 1^(st) through the 10^(th)specific embodiments, D and D′, when present, are the same or different,and are independently selected from a polyethylene glycol unit(—OCH₂CH₂)_(n), wherein n is an integer from 1 to 24, an amino acid, apeptide bearing 2 to 6 amino acids, or a linear, branched or cyclicalkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, wherein thealkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl are optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents independently selected from the group consisting ofhalogen, —OR, —NR′COR″, —SR and —COR′. Preferably, D and D′ are linearor branched alkyl bearing 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

In a eleventh specific embodiment, the various groups of the cytotoxiccompounds of the first, third, and ninth specific embodiment, arerepresented below: W is C═O; R₁, R₂, R₁′, R₂′, R₄ and R₄′ are —H; one ofR₃, or R₃′ is optionally the linking group with the reactive groupbonded thereto and the other is —H; R₆ is —OMe; Z and Z′ are —CH₂—; X′is —H; Y′ is —H; and A and A′ are —O—.

in another embodiment, the linking group with the reactive groupattached thereto as in any of the specific embodiment above is any oneof those listed in List 1.

In another embodiment, cytotoxic dimers without a linker moieties (suchas the linker moieties described above) attached thereto may furtherreact with a bifunctional crosslinking reagent to form a drug bearing alinking moiety with a reactive group attached thereto, in order to beused in the methods of the present invention (e.g., to further reactwith a cell-binding agent to form the drug-CBA conjugate).Alternatively, cytotoxic dimers without a linker moieties (such as thelinker moieties described above) attached thereto may further react witha bifunctional crosslinking reagent and a cell-binding reagent in aone-step reaction to directly form the drug-CBA conjugate. In eithercase, an imine-reactive reagent may be added to the reaction mixture toform a drug-imine reactive reagent adduct (such as a bisulfite adduct)prior to the reaction to create the drug-CBA conjugate. Preferably, thecytotoxic dimers without a linker moieties (such as the linker moietiesdescribed above) attached thereto may be first pre-incubated with theimine reactive reagent to form the adduct, before the reaction mixtureis used in the subsequent reactions to form the drug-CBA conjugate.

Thus in a twelfth specific embodiment, the imine-containing cytotoxiccompound is represented by any one of the following formulas, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

-   -   and, after reacting with the imine reactive reagent, the        cytotoxic compound is represented by the following formula, or a        pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

-   -   wherein:        -   Y is a sulfite (HSO₃, HSO₂ or a salt of HSO₃ ⁻, SO₃ ²⁻ or            HSO₂ ⁻ formed with a cation), metabisulfite (H₂S₂O₅ or a            salt of S₂O₅ ²⁻ formed with a cation), mono-, di-, tri-, and            tetra-thiophosphate (PO₃SH₃, PO₂S₂H₂, POS₃H₂, PS₄H₂ or a            salt of PO₃S³⁻, PO₂S₂ ³⁻, POS₃ ³⁻ or PS₄ ³⁻ formed with a            cation), thio phosphate ester (R^(i)O)₂PS(OR^(i)), R^(i)S—,            R^(i)SO, R^(i)SO₂, R^(i)SO₃, thiosulfate (HS₂O₃ or a salt of            S₂O₃ ²⁻ formed with a cation), dithionite (HS₂O₄ or a salt            of S₂O₄ ²⁻ formed with a cation), phosphorodithioate            (P(═S)(OR^(k′))(S)(OH) or a salt thereof formed with a            cation), hydroxamic acid (R^(k′)C(═O)NOH or a salt formed            with a cation), formaldehyde sulfoxylate (HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻ or a            salt of HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻ formed with a cation, such as HOCH₂SO₂            ⁻Na⁺) or a mixture thereof, wherein R^(i) is a linear or            branched alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and is            substituted with at least one substituent selected from            —N(R^(j))₂, —CO₂H, —SO₃H, and —PO₃H; R^(i) can be further            optionally substituted with a substituent for an alkyl            described herein; R^(j) is a linear or branched alkyl having            1 to 6 carbon atoms; R^(k′) is a linear, branched or cyclic            alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, aryl,            heterocyclyl or heteroaryl; preferably, Y is an adduct of a            bisulfite, a hydrosulfite, or a metabisulfite, or salts            thereof (such as sodium salt);        -   X′ is selected from the group consisting of —H, —OH, an            amine-protecting group, an optionally substituted linear,            branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1            to 10 carbon atoms, a polyethylene glycol unit            —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R^(c), an optionally substituted aryl having            6 to 18 carbon atoms (e.g., phenyl), an optionally            substituted 5- to 18-membered heteroaryl ring containing one            or more heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen,            oxygen, and sulfur, and an optionally substituted 3- to            18-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 to 6 heteroatoms            independently selected from O, S, N and P. Preferably, X′ is            —H, —OH, or -Me. More preferably, X′ is —H;        -   Y′ is selected from the group consisting of —H, an oxo            group, an optionally substituted linear, branched or cyclic            alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms,            an optionally substituted 6- to 18-membered aryl, an            optionally substituted 5- to 18-membered heteroaryl ring            containing one or more heteroatoms independently selected            from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, an optionally substituted            3- to 18-membered heterocyclic ring having 1 to 6            heteroatoms. Preferably, Y′ is selected from —H or oxo. More            preferably, Y′ is —H;        -   R^(c) is —H or a substituted or unsubstituted linear or            branched alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms;        -   R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₁ ^(′), R₂ ^(′), R₃′, and R₄′ are each            independently selected from the group consisting of —H, an            optionally substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl,            alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a            polyethylene glycol unit —(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—R^(c), halogen,            guanidinium [—NH(C═NH)NH₂], —OR, —NR′R″, —NO₂, —NCO,            —NR′COR″, —SR, a sulfoxide represented by —SOR′, a sulfone            represented by —SO₂R′, a sulfonate —SO₃ ⁻M⁺, a sulfate —OSO₃            ⁻M⁺, a sulfonamide represented by —SO₂NR′R″, cyano, an            azido, —COR′, —OCOR′, and —OCONR′R″. Preferably, 1, 2, 3, or            all of R₂, R₃, R₂′ and R₃′ is —H;        -   M is —H or a pharmaceutically acceptable cation;        -   R, for each occurrence, is independently selected from the            group consisting of —H, an optionally substituted linear,            branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1            to 10 carbon atoms, a polyethylene glycol unit            —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R^(c), an optionally substituted aryl having            6 to 18 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted 5- to            18-membered heteroaryl ring containing one or more            heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen,            and sulfur, or an optionally substituted 3- to 18-membered            heterocyclic ring containing 1 to 6 heteroatoms            independently selected from O, S, N and P;        -   R′ and R″ are the same or different, and are independently            selected from —H, —OH, —OR, —NHR, —NR₂, —COR, an optionally            substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or            alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a polyethylene            glycol unit —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R^(c), and an optionally            substituted 3- to 18-membered heterocyclic ring having 1 to            6 heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, N and P;        -   n is an integer from 1 to 24;        -   W is selected from C═O, C═S, CH₂, BH, SO, and SO₂;        -   R₆ is —H, —R, —OR, —SR, —NR′R″, —NO₂, halogen, —OR^(c) or            —SR^(c); preferably, R₆ is —OMe or —SMe. Even more            preferably, R₆ is —OMe;        -   Z and Z′ are independently selected from —(CH₂)_(n′)—,            —(CH₂)_(n′)—CR₇R₈—(CH₂)_(na′)—,            —(CH₂)_(n′)—NR₉—(CH₂)_(na′)—, —(CH₂)_(n′)—O—(CH₂)_(na′)— and            —(CH₂)_(n′)—S—(CH₂)_(na′)—;        -   n′ and na′ are the same or different, and are selected from            0, 1, 2 and 3;        -   R₇ and R₈ are the same or different, and are each            independently selected from —H, —OH, —SH, —COOH, —NHR′, a            polyethylene glycol unit —(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—, an amino acid, a            peptide unit bearing 2 to 6 amino acids, an optionally            substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl having from 1            to 10 carbon atoms;        -   R₉ is independently selected from —H, an optionally            substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl having from 1            to 10 carbon atoms, a polyethylene glycol unit            —(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—;        -   A and A′ are the same or different, and are independently            selected from —O—, oxo (—C(═O)—), —CRR′O—, —CRR′—, —S—,            —CRR′S—, —N(R₅)— and —CRR′N(R₅)—. Preferably, A and A′ are            the same or different, and are selected from —O— and —S—.            More preferably, A and A′ are —O—;        -   R₅ for each occurrence is independently —H or an optionally            substituted linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon            atoms;        -   D and D′ are the same or different, and are independently            absent or selected from the group consisting of an            optionally substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl,            alkenyl or alkynyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an amino            acid, a peptide bearing 2 to 6 amino acids, and a            polyethylene glycol unit (—OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—;        -   L is absent, or when present, comprises the thiol group, and            is a polyethylene glycol unit (—OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—, a linear,            branched or cyclic alkyl or alkenyl having 1 to 10 carbon            atoms, a phenyl group, a 3- to 18-membered heterocyclic ring            or a 5- to 18-membered heteroaryl ring having 1 to 6            heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, N and P,            wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, phenyl, or heterocyclic or            heteroaryl ring is optionally substituted.

Representative structures of such imine-containing cytotoxic compoundsare shown in Table 15. See compounds 1, 3, 4, 5, and 1d.

In certain embodiments,

-   -   W is C═O;    -   R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₁′, R₂′, R₃′, and R₄′ are —H;    -   Z and Z′ are —CH₂—;    -   A and A′ are both —O—;    -   W is —(C═O)—;    -   G is —CH—;    -   R₆ is —H, or optionally substituted C1-C10 linear, C1-C10        branched, or C3-C7 cyclic alkyl, —O-alkyl, or —O-halo-alkyl,        such as —OMe;    -   X′ is selected from the group consisting of —H, —OH, a        substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl,        alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, phenyl, and        an amine-protecting group; and    -   Y′ is selected from the group consisting of —H, an oxo group, a        substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl,        alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms.

Preferably, Y is selected from —SO₃M, —SO₂M, or —OSO₃M, and wherein M is—H or a pharmaceutically acceptable cation such as Na⁺ or K⁺.

Preferably, Y is —SO₃M; M is —H or Na⁺.

In certain embodiments, the imine-containing cytotoxic compound isrepresented by any one of the following formulas:

wherein:

-   -   L′, L″, and L′″ are the same or different, and are independently        selected from —H, an optionally substituted linear, branched or        cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon        atoms, a polyethylene glycol unit —(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—R^(c), halogen,        guanidinium [—NH(C═NH)NH₂], —OR, —NR′R″, —NO₂, —NR′COR″, —SR, a        sulfoxide represented by —SOR′, a sulfone represented by —SO₂R′,        a sulfonate —SO₃M, a sulfate —OSO₃M, a sulfonamide represented        by —SO₂NR′R″, cyano, an azido, —COR′, —OCOR′, —OCONR′R″;    -   M is —H or a pharmaceutically acceptable cation; and,    -   G is selected from —CH— or —N—.

In certain embodiments, the cytotoxic compound, when present, isrepresented by one of the following formulas, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof:

In certain embodiments, one of L′, L″, or L′″ bears the thiol group,while the others are —H. Preferably, L′ bears the thiol group, and L″and L′″ are —H.

In certain embodiments, A and A′ are both —O—; R₆ is —OMe; and G is—CH—.

In certain embodiments, the imine-containing cytotoxic compound may berepresented by any one of the following formulas:

wherein:

-   -   W′ is absent, or when present, is selected from —CR^(e)R^(e′)—,        —O—, —O—C(═O)—, —C(═O)—O—, —S—, —SO—, —SO₂—, —CH₂—S—, —CH₂O—,        —CH₂NR^(e)—, —O—(C═O)O—, —O—(C═O)N(R^(e))—, —N(R^(e))—,        —N(R^(e))—C(═O)—, —C(═O)—N(R^(e))—, —N(R^(e))—C(═O)O—,        —N(C(═O)R^(e))C(═O)—, —N(C(═O)R^(e))—, —(O—CH₂—CH₂)_(n)—, —SS—,        or —C(═O)—, or an amino acid, or a peptide having 2 to 8 amino        acids;    -   R^(x) is absent, or when present, is an optionally substituted        linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having 1 to        10 carbon atoms, an aryl bearing 6 to 10 carbon atoms or a 3- to        8-membered heterocyclic ring bearing 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected        from O, N or S;    -   R^(e) and R^(e′) are the same or different, and are selected        from —H, a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl        having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(n)—R^(k), wherein        R^(k) is a —H, a linear, branched cyclic alkyl having 1 to 6        carbon atoms, optionally bearing a secondary amino (e.g.,        —NHR¹⁰¹) or tertiary amino (—NR¹⁰¹R¹⁰²) group or a 5- or        6-membered nitrogen containing heterocycle, such as piperidine        or morpholine, wherein R¹⁰¹ and R¹⁰² are each independently a        linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having 1        to 10 carbon atoms; preferably, R¹⁰¹ and R¹⁰² are each        independently a linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon        atoms;    -   n is an integer from 1 to 24.

In certain embodiments, the cytotoxic compound, when present, may berepresented by one of the following formulas, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof:

In certain embodiments,

-   -   Y is selected from —SO₃M, —SO₂M or —OSO₃M;    -   M is —H or a pharmaceutically acceptable cation such as Na⁺ or        K⁺;    -   X′ is selected from the group consisting of —H, —OH, a        substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl,        alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, phenyl, and        an amine-protecting group;    -   Y′ is selected from the group consisting of —H, an oxo group, a        substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl,        alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms;    -   A and A′ are selected from —O— and —S—;    -   W′ is absent, or selected from —O—, —N(R^(e))—,        —N(R^(e))—C(═O)—, —N(C(═O)R^(e))—, —S— or —CH₂—S—, —CH₂NR^(e)—;    -   R^(x) is absent or selected from a linear, branched or cyclic        alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms;    -   R^(e) is —H, a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or        alkynyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(n)—R^(k),        wherein R^(k) is a —H, a linear, branched cyclic alkyl having 1        to 6 carbon atoms, optionally bearing a secondary amino (e.g.,        —NHR¹⁰¹) or tertiary amino (—NR¹⁰¹R¹⁰²) group or a 5- or        6-membered nitrogen containing heterocycle, such as piperidine        or morpholine, wherein R¹⁰¹ and R¹⁰² are each independently a        linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having 1        to 10 carbon atoms;    -   G is selected from —CH— or —N—.

In certain embodiments, W′ is —N(R^(e))—.

In certain embodiments, R^(e) is —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(n)—R^(k), wherein R^(k)is a —H, a linear, branched cyclic alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

In certain embodiments, R^(k) is —H or -Me, n is 4, and q is 2.

In certain embodiments, R′ is a linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 6carbon atoms.

In certain embodiments, R′ is —(CH₂)_(p)—(CR^(f)R^(g))—, wherein R^(f)and R^(g) are each independently selected from —H or a linear orbranched alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and p is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

In certain embodiments, R^(f) and R^(g) are the same or different, andare selected from —H and -Me; and p is 1.

In certain embodiments,

-   -   Y is —SO₃M, —SO₂M, or a sulfate —OSO₃M; preferably —SO₃M;    -   M is —H or a pharmaceutically acceptable cation (e.g., Na⁺);    -   X′ and Y′ are both —H;    -   A and A′ are both —O—;    -   R₆ is —OMe; and    -   R^(x) is a linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

In certain embodiments, the bifunctional crosslinking agent is: amaleimido-based moiety selected from: N-succinimidyl4-(maleimidomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate (SMCC),N-succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)-cyclohexane-1-carboxy-(6-amidocaproate)(LC-SMCC), κ-maleimidoundecanoic acid N-succinimidyl ester (KMUA),γ-maleimidobutyric acid N-succinimidyl ester (GMBS), ε-maleimidocaproicacid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester

(EMCS), m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (MBS),N-(α-maleimidoacetoxy)-succinimide ester (AMAS),succinimidyl-6-(β-maleimidopropionamido)hexanoate (SMPH), N-succinimidyl4-(p-maleimidophenyl)-butyrate (SMPB), N-(p-maleimidophenyl)isocyanate(PMPI), N-succinimidyl-4-(4-nitropyridyl-2-dithio)butanoate; or,

a haloacetyl-based moiety selected from:N-succinimidyl-4-(iodoacetyl)-aminobenzoate (SIAB), N-succinimidyliodoacetate (SIA), N-succinimidyl bromoacetate (SBA), and N-succinimidyl3-(bromoacetamido)propionate (SBAP), bis-maleimidopolyethyleneglycol(BMPEO), BM(PEO)₂, BM(PEO)₃, N-(β-maleimidopropyloxy)succinimide ester(BMPS), 5-maleimidovaleric acid NHS, HBVS,4-(4-N-maleimidophenyl)-butyric acid hydrazide.HCl (MPBH),Succinimidyl-(4-vinylsulfonyl)benzoate (SVSB), dithiobis-maleimidoethane(DTME), 1,4-bis-maleimidobutane (BMB),1,4-bismaleimidyl-2,3-dihydroxybutane (BMDB), bis-maleimidohexane (BMH),bis-maleimidoethane (BMOE), sulfosuccinimidyl4-(N-maleimido-methyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (sulfo-SMCC),sulfosuccinimidyl(4-iodo-acetyl)aminobenzoate (sulfo-SIAB),m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide ester (sulfo-MBS),N-(γ-maleimidobutryloxy)sulfosuccinimde ester (sulfo-GMBS),N-(ε-maleimidocaproyloxy)sulfosuccimido ester (sulfo-EMCS),N-(κ-maleimidoundecanoyloxy)sulfosuccinimide ester (sulfo-KMUS),sulfosuccinimidyl 4-(p-maleimidophenyl)butyrate (sulfo-SMPB), CX1-1,sulfo-Mal and PEG_(n)-Mal.

In certain embodiments, the bifunctional crosslinking agent is selectedfrom the group consisting of SMCC, Sulfo-SMCC, BMPS, GMBS, SIA, SLAB,N-succinimidyl-4-(4-nitropyridyl-2-dithio)butanoate, bis-maleimidohexaneor BMPEO.

In certain embodiments, the modified CBA, when present, is:

In a thirteenth specific embodiment, the imine-containing cytotoxiccompound is:

The bifunctional crosslinking agents can be any bifunctional linkerknown in the art. For example, the bifunctional linkers can be used formaking the drug-linker compounds are those that form disulfide bonds,thioether bonds, acid labile bonds, photolabile bonds, peptidase labilebonds and esterase labile bonds with the cytotoxic compounds (see forexample, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,208,020; 5,475,092; 6,441,163; 6,716,821;6,913,748; 7,276,497; 7,276,499; 7,368,565; 7,388,026 and 7,414,073, allof which are incorporated herein by reference). Preferably, thebifunctional crosslinking agents are those that form disulfide bonds,thioether and peptidase labile bonds with the cytotoxic compounds. Otherbifunctional crosslinking agents that can be used in the presentinvention include non-cleavable linkers, such as those described in U.S.publication number US 2005/0169933, or charged linkers or hydrophiliclinkers and are described in US 2009/0274713, US 2010/01293140 and WO2009/134976, each of which is expressly incorporated herein byreference. The bifunctional crosslinking agents that can be used formaking the drug-linker compounds of the present invention also includethose described in Thermo Scientific Pierce Crosslinking TechnicalHandbook, the entire teaching of which is incorporated herein byreference.

In another preferred embodiment, the drug (with or without a linkergroup with a reactive group attached thereto) that can be used in thepresent invention is any one of the compounds shown in Tables 1-7. Inanother preferred embodiment, the cell-binding agent-drug conjugate thatcan be made by the present invention is any one of the conjugates shownin Table 8.

TABLE 1 Structures of representative compounds in the present invention.

Notes: n = 1 or 3 m = 3 or 4 W = OH, OMe, ONHS, NHNH₂, H, Me, Ph,Peptide X = CH₂, O, S, NH or NMe Y = CH₂ or absent Z″ = H, Me, SMe,S(CH₂)₃C(O)NHS or CH₂C(O)NHS or BMPS or SMCC or SPy or SPy-NO₂

TABLE 2 Structures of representative compounds in the present invention(Continued).

Note: n = 1, 2 or 3 m = 3 or 4 W = OH, OMe, ONHS, NHNH₂, H, Me, Ph,Peptide X = CH₂, O, S, NH, NMe Y = absent or CH₂ Z = CH or N Z″ = H, Me,SMe, S(CH₂)₃C(O)NHS or CH₂C(O)NHS or BMPS or SMCC or SPy or SPy-NO₂

TABLE 3 Structures of representative compounds in the present invention(Continued).

Note: n = 1, 2 or 3 m = 3 or 4 W = OH, OMe, ONHS, NHNH₂, H, Me, Ph,Peptide X = CH₂, O, S, NH, NMe Z = CH or N Z″ = H, Me, SMe,S(CH₂)₃C(O)NHS or CH₂C(O)NHS or BMPS or SMCC or SPy or SPy-NO₂

TABLE 4 Structures of representative compounds in the present invention(Continued).

Note: n = 1, 2 or 3 m = 3 or 4 W = OH, OMe, ONHS, NHNH₂, H, Me, Ph,Peptide X = CH₂, O, S, NH, NMe Z = CH or N Z″ = H, Me, SMe,S(CH₂)₃C(O)NHS or CH₂C(O)NHS or BMPS or SMCC or SPy or SPy-NO₂

TABLE 5 Structures of representative compounds in the present invention.

TABLE 6 Structures of representative compounds in the present invention(Continued).

TABLE 7 Structures of representative compounds in the present invention(Continued).

TABLE 8 Structures of representative conjugates of the presentinvention.

In any of the compounds or conjugates described above in Tables 1-8, theimine double bond may react with/have reacted with any of theimine-reactive reagent (such as those described herein) according to themethods of the invention to form adducts, including bisulfite adducts.Such imine-protected adducts in the compounds of Tables 1-7 may be usedin further reactions according to the methods of the invention toproduce conjugates of the invention. Similarly, compounds comprisingimine-protected adducts may be used in the methods of the invention toproduce the conjugates in Table 8.

In another embodiment, drugs optionally bearing a linking moiety (e.g.,a linker group with a reactive group attached thereto) that can be usedin the methods of the present invention are represented by formula (A1)or (A2):

wherein:

the double line

between N and C represents a single bond or a double bond, provided thatat least one of

between N and C represents a double bond, and when it is a double bond,X is absent and Y is —H, and when it is a single bond, X is —H or anamine protecting moiety that converts the compound into a prodrug;preferably, when it is a double bond, X is absent and Y is —H, and thedouble bond may react with the imine-reactive reagent of the inventionto form an adduct (such as a bisulfite adduct) prior to the adduct isused in the methods of the invention to produce drug-CBA conjugates;

Y is selected from —H, —OR, an ester represented by —OCOR′, a carbonaterepresented by —OCOOR′, a carbamate represented by —OCONR′R″, an amineor a hydroxylamine represented by —NR′R″, amide represented by —NRCOR′,a peptide represented by —NRCOP, wherein P is an amino acid or apolypeptide containing between 2 to 20 amino acid units, a thioetherrepresented by —SR′, a sulfoxide represented by —SOR′, a sulfonerepresented by —SO₂R′, a sulfite —SO₃, a bisulfite —OSO₃, —SO₂M, —SO₃M,—OSO₃M, a halogen, cyano, an azido, or a thiol; wherein M is —H or apharmaceutically acceptable cation (such as Na⁺); or,

Y is a sulfite (HSO₃, HSO₂ or a salt of HSO₃ ⁻, SO₃ ²⁻ or HSO₂ ⁻ formedwith a cation), metabisulfite (H₂S₂O₅ or a salt of S₂O₅ ²⁻ formed with acation), mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-thiophosphate (PO₃SH₃, PO₂S₂H₂,POS₃H₂, PS₄H₂ or a salt of PO₃S³⁻, PO₂S₂ ³⁻, POS₃ ³⁻ or PS₄ ³⁻ formedwith a cation), thio phosphate ester (R^(i)O)₂PS(OR^(i)), R^(i)S—,R^(i)SO, R^(i)SO₂, R^(i)SO₃, thiosulfate (HS₂O₃ or a salt of S₂O₃ ²⁻formed with a cation), dithionite (HS₂O₄ or a salt of S₂O₄ ²⁻ formedwith a cation), phosphorodithioate (P(═S)(OR^(k′))(S)(OH) or a saltthereof formed with a cation), hydroxamic acid (R^(k′)C(═O)NOH or a saltformed with a cation), formaldehyde sulfoxylate (HOCH₂SO₂ or a salt ofHOCH₂SO₂ ⁻ formed with a cation, such as HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻Na⁺) or a mixturethereof, wherein R^(i) is a linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 10carbon atoms and is substituted with at least one substituent selectedfrom —N(R^(j))₂, —CO₂H, −SO₃H, and —PO₃H; R^(i) can be furtheroptionally substituted with a substituent for an alkyl described herein;R^(j) is a linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; R^(k′)is a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having 1 to 10carbon atoms, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl;

R, R′, and R″ are the same or different, and are selected from —H,substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenylor alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a polyethylene glycol unit(—OCH₂CH₂)_(n), wherein n is an integer from 1 to 2000 (preferably1-200, or 1-20), a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl ring containing one ormore heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, andsulfur, a 5- to 18-membered fused ring system, wherein at least one ofthe rings is aromatic, containing one or more heteroatoms independentlyselected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, aryl having from 6 to 18carbon atoms, 3- to 18-membered heterocyclic ring having 1 to 6heteroatoms selected from O, S, N and P, wherein the substituent isselected from halogen, —OR₇, —NR₈R₉, —NO₂, —NRCOR′, —SR₁₀, a sulfoxiderepresented by —SOR′, a sulfone represented by —SO₂R′, a sulfite —SO₃, abisulfite —OSO₃, a sulfonamide represented by —SO₂NRR′, cyano, an azido,—COR₁₁, —OCOR₁₁ or —OCONR₁₁R₁₂;

R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁ and R₁₂ are each independently selected from —H,linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10carbon atoms, a polyethylene glycol unit (—OCH₂CH₂)_(n), wherein n is aninteger from 1 to 2000 (preferably 1-200, or 1-20), a 5- or 6-memberedheteroaryl ring containing one or more heteroatoms independentlyselected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, a 5- to 18-membered fusedring system, wherein at least one of the rings is aromatic, containingone or more heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen,and sulfur, aryl having from 6 to 18 carbon atoms, 3- to 10-memberedheterocyclic ring having 3- to 18-membered heterocyclic ring having 1 to6 heteroatoms selected from O, S, N and P, and R₁₀ is optionally SR₁₃ orCOR₁₃;

R₁₃ is selected from linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl oralkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a 5- or 6-membered heteroarylring containing one or more heteroatoms independently selected fromnitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, a 5- to 18-membered fused ring system,wherein at least one of the rings is aromatic, containing one or moreheteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur,aryl having from 6 to 18 carbon atoms, 3- to 18-membered heterocyclicring having 1 to 6 heteroatoms selected from O, S, N and P, optionallyR₁₁ is OR₁₄, wherein R₁₄ has the same definition as R, optionally R″ is—OH;

W is C═O, C═S, CH₂, BH, SO or SO₂;

R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₁′, R₂′, R₃′, and R₄′ are each independently selectedfrom —H, substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl,alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a polyethyleneglycol unit (—OCH₂CH₂)_(n), wherein n is an integer from 1 to 2000(preferably 1-200, or 1-20), or a substituent selected from a halogen,guanidinium [—NH(C═NH)NH₂], —OR₇, —NR₈R₉, —NO₂, —NRCOR′, —SR₁₀, asulfoxide represented by —SOR′, a sulfone represented by —SO₂R′, asulfite —SO₃, a bisulfite —OSO₃, a sulfonamide represented by —SO₂NRR′,cyano, an azido, —COR₁₁, —OCOR₁₁ or —OCONR₁₁R₁₂, wherein R₇, R₈, R₉,R₁₀, R₁₁ and R₁₂ are as defined above, optionally, any one of R₁, R₂,R₃, R₄, R₁′, R₂′, R₃′, or R₄′ is the linking group with the reactivegroup attached thereto (if present), which may be selected from apolypyrrolo, poly-indolyl, poly-imidazolyl, polypyrollo-imidazolyl,poly-pyrollo-indolyl or polyimidazolo-indolyl unit optionally bearingthe linking group with the reactive group attached thereto;

Z is selected from —(CH₂)_(n)—, wherein n is 1, 2 or 3, —CR₁₅R₁₆, —NR₁₇,—O— or —S—, wherein R₁₅, R₁₆ and R₁₇ are each independently selectedfrom —H, linear, branched or cyclic alkyl having from 1 to 10 carbonatoms, a polyethylene glycol unit (—OCH₂CH₂)_(n), wherein n is aninteger from 1 to 2000 (preferably 1-200, or 1-20);

R₆ is —OR, —SR or —NRR′, wherein R and R′ have the same definition asgiven above, optionally R₆ is the linking group with the reactive groupattached thereto (if present);

X′ is selected from —CH₂, —NR, —CO, —BH, —SO or —SO₂ wherein R has thesame definition as given above;

Y′ is —O—, —CH₂—, —NR or —S, wherein R has the same definition as givenabove;

Z′ is —CH₂ or —(CH₂)_(n), wherein n is 2, 3 or 4, provided that X′, Y′and Z′ are not all CH₂ at the same time;

A and A′ are the same or different and are selected from —O—, —CRR′O, S,—CRR′S, —NR₁₅ or —CRR′NHR₁₅, wherein R and R′ have the same definitionas given above and wherein R₁₅ has the same definition as R;

D and D′ are the same or different, and are independently selected fromlinear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having 1 to 10carbon atoms, optionally substituted with any one of halogen, —OR₇,—NR₈R₉, —NO₂, —NRCOR′, —SR₁₀, a sulfoxide represented by —SOR′, asulfone represented by —SO₂R′, a sulfite —SO₃, a bisulfite —OSO₃, asulfonamide represented by —SO₂NRR′, cyano, an azido, —COR₁₁, —OCOR₁₁ or—OCONR₁₁R₁₂, wherein the definitions of R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁ and R₁₂ areas defined above, or a polyethylene glycol unit (—OCH₂CH₂)_(n), whereinn is an integer from 1 to 2000 (preferably 1-200, or 1-20);

L is an optional phenyl group or 3- to 18-membered heterocyclic ringhaving 1 to 6 heteroatoms selected from O, S, N and P that is optionallysubstituted, wherein the substituent is the linking group with thereactive group attached thereto (if present), or is selected fromlinear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10carbon atoms, optionally substituted with any one of halogen, —OR₇,—NR₈R₉, —NO₂, —NRCOR′, —SR₁₀, a sulfoxide represented by —SOR′, asulfone represented by —SO₂R′, a sulfite —SO₃, a bisulfite —OSO₃, asulfonamide represented by —SO₂NRR′, cyano, an azido, —COR₁₁, OCOR₁₁ orOCONR₁₁R₁₂, wherein R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁ and R₁₂ have the samedefinitions as given above, a polyethylene glycol unit (—OCH₂CH₂)_(n),wherein n is an integer from 1 to 2000 (preferably 1-200, or 1-20);optionally, L itself is the linking group with the reactive groupattached thereto; or their pharmaceutically acceptable solvates, salts,hydrates or hydrated salts, their optical isomers, racemates,diastereomers, enantiomers or the polymorphic crystalline structures ofthese compounds; provided that the compound has no more than one linkinggroup with the reactive group attached thereto.

In one preferred embodiment, for drugs of formula (A1) or (A2):

the double line

between N and C represents a single bond or a double bond, provided thatwhen it is a double bond X is absent and Y is —H, and when it is asingle bond, X is —H or an amine protecting group that converts thecompound into a prodrug;

Y is selected from —H, —OR, NR′R″, a sulfite —SO₃M, or a bisulfite—OSO₃M, wherein M is —H or a pharmaceutically acceptable cation (such asNa⁺);

R is selected from —H, linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl oralkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a polyethylene glycol unit(—OCH₂CH₂)_(n), wherein n is an integer from 1 to 2000 (preferably 1-200or 1-20), aryl having from 6 to 10 carbon atoms, heterocyclic ringhaving from 3 to 10 carbon atoms;

W is C═O, CH₂ or SO₂;

R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₁′. R₂′. R₃′ and R₄′ are each independently selectedfrom —H, —NO₂ or the linking group with a reactive group attachedthereto (if present);

R₆ is —OR₁₈, wherein R₁₈ has the same definition as R;

Z is selected from —(CH₂)_(n), wherein n is 1, 2 or 3, —CR₁₅R₁₆, —NR₁₇,—O— or —S—, wherein R₁₅, R₁₆ and R₁₇ are each independently selectedfrom —H, linear, branched or cyclic alkyl having from 1 to 10 carbonatoms, a polyethylene glycol unit (—OCH₂CH₂)_(n), wherein n is aninteger from 1 to 2000 (preferably 1-200 or 1-20);

X′ is selected from —CH₂, or C═O;

Y′ is —O—, —NR, or —S, wherein R is defined as above;

Z′ is —CH₂— or —(CH₂)₂—;

A and A′ are each —O—;

D and D′ are the same or different, and are independently selected fromlinear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10carbon atoms;

L is an optional phenyl group or a heterocycle ring having from 3 to 10carbon atoms that is optionally substituted, wherein the substituent isthe linking group with a reactive group attached thereto (if present),or is selected from linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynylhaving from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, optionally substituted with any one ofhalogen, —OR₇, —NR₈R₉, —NO₂, —NRCOR′, —SR₁₀, a sulfoxide represented by—SOR′, a sulfone represented by —SO₂R′, a sulfite —SO₃, a bisulfite—OSO₃, a sulfonamide represented by —SO₂NRR′, cyano, an azido, —COR₁₁,—OCOR₁₁ or —OCONR₁₁R₁₂, a polyethylene glycol unit (—OCH₂CH₂)_(n),wherein n is an integer from 1 to 2000 (preferably 1-200 or 1-20);optionally, L itself is the linking group with a reactive group attachedthereto; or their pharmaceutically acceptable solvates, salts, hydratesor hydrated salts, their optical isomers, racemates, diastereomers,enantiomers or the polymorphic crystalline structures of thesecompounds.

In another preferred embodiment, the drug of formula (A1) or (A2) isrepresented by compounds of formulae (A4) or (A5):

wherein:

the double line

between N and C represents a single bond or a double bond, provided thatwhen it is a double bond, X is absent and Y is —H, and when it is asingle bond, X is —H or an amine protecting group that converts thecompound into a prodrug;

Y is selected from —H, —OH, an ether represented by —OR, —NR′R″, asulfite —SO₃M, or a bisulfite —OSO₃M;

M is —H or a pharmaceutically acceptable cation (such as Na⁺);

R, R′, and R″ are selected from linear, branched or cyclic alkyl,alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms;

one of R₂, R₃, R₂′ and R₃′ is the linking group with a reactive groupattached thereto (if present) and the others are —H, —NRCOR′ or —NO₂;

R₆ is —OR, wherein R has the same definition as above;

Z is —CH₂— or —NR, wherein R has the same definition as above;

A is —O— or —NR₁₅;

L is —(CH₂)_(nn)—, wherein nn is 0 or an integer between 1 and 5, or asubstituted or unsubstituted alkyl or alkenyl having from 2 to 4 carbonatoms, wherein the substituent is selected from halogen, —OR₇, —NR₈R₉,—NO₂, —NRCOR′, —SR₁₀, a sulfoxide represented by —SOR′, a sulfonerepresented by —SO₂R′, a sulfite —SO₃, a bisulfite —OSO₃, a sulfonamiderepresented by —SO₂NRR′, cyano, an azido, —COR₁₁, —OCOR₁₁, or—OCONR₁₁R₁₂;

R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂ and R₁₅ has the same definition as givenabove;

optionally, L itself is the linking group with a reactive group attachedthereto (if present);

one of L′, L″, or L′″ is the linking group with a reactive groupattached thereto (if present), while the others are —H; preferably L′ isthe linking group with a reactive group attached thereto (if present);and

G is —CH— or —N—, or their pharmaceutically acceptable solvates, salts,hydrates or hydrated salts, their optical isomers, racemates,diastereomers, enantiomers or the polymorphic crystalline structures ofthese compounds.

In yet another preferred embodiment, the compound of formula (A1) or(A2) is represented by compounds of formulae from formulae (A6) or (A7):

wherein:

the double line

between N and C represents a single bond or a double bond, provided thatwhen it is a double bond, X is absent and Y is —H, and when it is asingle bond, X is —H or an amine protecting group that converts thecompound into a prodrug;

Y is selected from —H, —OH, an ether represented by —OR, a sulfite —SO₃,or a bisulfite —OSO₃;

R is selected from linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynylhaving from 1 to 10 carbon atoms;

nn is 0 or an integer from 1 to 5;

one of R₂, R₃, R₂′ and R₃′ is the linking group with a reactive groupattached thereto (if present) and the others are —H, —NRCOR′, or —NO₂;

one of L′, L″ or L′″ is the linking group with a reactive group attachedthereto (if present), provided that when one of L′, L″ or L′″ is thelinking group with a reactive group attached thereto, the others are —H(e.g., if L′ is the linking group with a reactive group attachedthereto, then L″ and L′″ are —H);

G is —CH— or —N—, or their pharmaceutically acceptable solvates, salts,hydrates or hydrated salts, their optical isomers, racemates,diastereomers, enantiomers or the polymorphic crystalline structures ofthese compounds.

In another specific embodiment, one of R₂, R₃, R₂′ and R₃′ of formula(A4) and (A6) is the linking group with a reactive group attachedthereto (if present), and is represented by formula —W′—R^(x)—V—R^(y)-J,and the rest are —H; L″ and L′″ of formula (A5) and (A7) are —H, and L′is the linking group with a reactive group attached thereto (ifpresent), and is represented by formula

—W′—R′—V—R^(y)-J

wherein:

W′ is absent, —CR^(c)R^(e)—, —O—, —O—C(═O)—, —S—, —CH₂—S—, —O—(C═O)O—,—O—(C═O)N(R^(e))—, —N(R^(e))—, —N(R^(e))—C(═O)—, —N(R^(e))—C(═O)O—, or—C(═O)—;

R^(x) is absent or an optionally substituted linear, branched or cyclicalkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms;

V is absent, —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(n)—, —O—, —O—C(═O)—, —S—, —O—(C═O)O—,O—(C═O)N(R^(e))—, —N(R^(e))—, —N(R^(e))—C(═O)—, —N(R^(e))—C(═O)O—,—C(═O)—, an amino acid, or a peptide having 2 to 8 amino acids;

R^(y) is absent or a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl having 1 to 10carbon atoms;

R^(c) is —H or a linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms;

R^(e) is —H, a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynylhaving 1 to 10 carbon atoms or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(n)—R^(c),

n is an integer from 1 to 24; and

J is as described above in the fourth specific embodiment.

Preferably, R^(c) is —H or -Me; R^(e) is a linear or branched alkylhaving 1 to 6 carbon atoms or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(n)—R^(c); n is an integerfrom 2 to 8; and the remainder of the variables are as described abovein the fourth specific embodiment.

In another preferred embodiment, V is an amino acid or a peptide having2 to 8 amino acids. More preferably, V is valine-citrulline, gly-gly-glyor ala-leu-ala-leu.

Preferably, J is —SH, —SSR^(d) or —COE as described above.

In another specific embodiment, one of R₂, R₃, R₂′ and R₃′ of formula(A4) and (A6) is the linking group with a reactive group attachedthereto (if present), and is represented by formula —W′—R^(x)—S—Z^(s);L″ and L′″ of formula (A5) and (A7) are —H, and L′ is represented by—W′—R^(x)—S—Z^(s), wherein the variables are as described in the eighthand ninth specific embodiments.

In another embodiment, the compounds of formula (A1)-(A7) (with orwithout pre-incubation with the imine-reactive reagent), if the linkinggroup with a reactive group attached thereto is not already present, canfurther react with a bifunctional crosslinking reagent described aboveto form an imine-containing drug bearing the linking group with areactive group attached thereto, which can be used in the methods of thepresent invention.

In certain embodiments, the imine-containing drug bearing the linkinggroup with a reactive group attached thereto that can be used in themethods of the present invention is represented by any one of thefollowing formulas:

wherein:

“Linker” is represented by formula (a1), (a2), (a3), (a4), (a5), (a6),(a7) or (a8) described above (in the ninth specific embodiment);

q is an integer from 1 to 5;

n is an integer from 2 to 6;

D is —H or —SO₃M;

M is —H or a pharmaceutically acceptable cation, such as Na⁺ or K⁺; andthe remainder of the variables is as described in the eighth or ninthspecific embodiments.

Preferably, q is 2 and n is 4.

In a preferred embodiment, Linker is represented by formula (a1), (a4),(a5), (a9) or (a10) described above.

In certain embodiments, for compounds of formula (A8) describedimmediately above, the variables are as described below:

W′ is —O—, —N(R^(e))—, —N(R^(e))—C(═O)—, —N(COR^(e))—, —S— or —CH₂—S—;

R^(x) is absent or selected from a linear, branched or cyclic alkylhaving 1 to 6 carbon atoms;

R^(e) is —H, a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynylhaving 1 to 10 carbon atoms or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(n)—R^(k), wherein R^(k) isa —H, a linear, branched cyclic alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms,optionally bearing a primary, secondary or tertiary amino group or a 5-or 6-membered Nitrogen containing heterocycle, such as piperidine ormorpholine;

n is an integer from 1 to 24; and the remainder of the variables are asdescribed above in the embodiment immediately above.

Preferably, R^(k) is —H or -Me and n is an integer from 2 to 8.Preferably, R^(x) is a linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 6 carbonatoms.

In another preferred embodiment, the linker is represented by any one ofthe formula selected from formulas (a1), (a4), (a5), (a10) and (a11)shown above; and the remainder of the variables are as described abovein the ninth specific embodiment.

In certain embodiments, for compounds of formula (A8) described in theembodiments above, the variables are as described below:

X′ and Y′ are both —H;

A and A′ are both —O—;

R₆ is —OMe;

R^(x) is a linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; and theremainder of the variables is as described above.

Preferably, R^(x) is —(CH₂)_(p)—(CR^(f)R^(g))—, wherein R^(f) and R^(g)are each independently selected from —H or a linear or branched alkylhaving 1 to 4 carbon atoms; p is 0, 1, 2 or 3. More preferably, R^(f)and R^(g) are the same or different and are selected from —H and -Me;and p is 1.

In another preferred embodiment, the linker is represented by any one ofthe formula selected from formulas (a1), (a4), (a5), (a10) and (a11)shown above; and the remainder of the variables are as described above.

In another preferred embodiment, the drug of formula (A1), (A2) or (A3)is any one of the compounds shown in Tables 11-13 and the conjugate canbe made by the method of the present invention is any one of theconjugates shown in Table 14.

TABLE 11 Structures of representative drugs that can be used in themethods of the present invention.

Note: Z″ = H, SMe, SPy, SPy-NO₂, Ac; X′′′ = NHS;

TABLE 12 Structures of representative drugs that can be used in themethods of the present invention (Continued).

Note: Z″ = H, SMe, SPy, SPy-NO₂, Ac; X′′′ = NHS;

TABLE 13 Structures of representative drugs that can be used in themethods of the present invention (Continued).

n = 3, 4

TABLE 14 Structures of representative conjugates that can be made bymethods of the present invention.

Dimer 1

Dimer 2

Dimer 3

Dimer 4

Dimer 5

Dimer 6

Dimer 7

Dimer 8

Any compounds of Tables 11-13 and any conjugates of Table 14 may have atleast one of its imine bonds reacted with a subject imine reactivereagent, thus forming an adduct, such as bisulfite adduct.

In one embodiment, the imine-containing drug bearing a linking moietyare those having a reactive ester group, a thiol or a thiol reactivegroup described above.

Alternatively, the drug described above can further react withbifunctional crosslinking agent to form a drug bearing a linking moiety.Any bifunctional crosslinking agents described can be used.

In another preferred embodiment, the drug that can be used in thepresent invention is any one of the compounds shown in Table 15.

TABLE 15 Representative drug compounds that can be used in the presentmethods.

Cell-Binding Agent

The effectiveness of the conjugates of the invention as therapeuticagents depends on the careful selection of an appropriate cell-bindingagent. Cell-binding agents may be of any kind presently known, or thatbecome known and includes peptides and non-peptides. Generally, thesecan be antibodies (especially monoclonal antibodies), lymphokines,hormones, growth factors, vitamins (such as folate etc., which may bindto a cell surface receptor therefor, e.g., a folate receptor),nutrient-transport molecules (such as transferrin), or any othercell-binding molecule or substance.

In certain embodiments, the cell-binding agents are proteins orpolypeptides, or compounds comprising proteins or polypeptides.Preferably, the proteins or polypeptides comprise one or more Lysresidues with side chain —NH₂ groups. Alternatively or in addition, theproteins or polypeptides comprise one or more Cys residues. The sidechain —SH groups of the Cys residues may be intact, or may be in adisulfide bond that can be reduced. Preferably, reduction of thedisulfide bond(s) does not significantly negatively impact thecell-binding function of the proteins or polypeptides (e.g., in the caseof antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof, reduction of thedisulfide bonds does not substantially increase the dissociation oflight chains/heavy chains).

The Lys side chain —NH₂ groups and/or the Cys side chain —SH groups maybe covalently linked to the linkers, which are in turn linked to thedimer compounds of the invention, thus conjugating the cell-bindingagents to the dimer compounds of the invention. Each protein-basedcell-binding agents may contain multiple Lys side chain —NH₂ groupsand/or the Cys side chain —SH groups available for linking the compoundsof the invention through the bifunctional crosslinkers.

More specific examples of cell-binding agents that can be used include:

polyclonal antibodies;

monoclonal antibodies;

fragments of antibodies such as Fab, Fab′, and F(ab′)₂, Fv, minibodies,diabodies, tribodies, tetrabodies (Parham, J. Immunol. 131:2895-2902(1983); Spring et al. J. Immunol. 113:470-478 (1974); Nisonoff et al.Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 89:230-244 (1960), Kim et al., Mol, CancerTher., 7: 2486-2497 (2008), Carter, Nature Revs., 6: 343-357 (2006));

interferons (e.g. α, β, γ);

lymphokines such as IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6;

hormones such as insulin, TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone), MSH(melanocyte-stimulating hormone), steroid hormones, such as androgensand estrogens;

growth factors and colony-stimulating factors such as EGF, TGF-alpha,FGF, VEGF, G-CSF, M-CSF and GM-CSF (Burgess, Immunology Today 5:155-158(1984));

transferrin (O'Keefe et al. J. Biol. Chem. 260:932-937 (1985));vitamins, such as folate;

Protein scaffolds based on a consensus sequence of fibronectin type III(FN3) repeats (also known as Centyrins; See U.S. Patent Publication2010/0255056, incorporated herein by reference);

Designer Ankyrin Repeat Proteins (DARPins; U.S. Patent Application Nos.20040132028; 20090082274; 20110118146; 20110224100, incorporated hereinby reference), C. Zahnd et al. 2010, Cancer Res., 70; 1595-1605,incorporated herein by reference); and,

Fibronectin domain scaffold proteins (Adnectins: US Patent ApplicationNos. 20070082365; 20080139791, incorporated herein by reference).

Monoclonal antibody techniques allow for the production of extremelyspecific cell-binding agents in the form of specific monoclonalantibodies. Particularly well known in the art are techniques forcreating monoclonal antibodies produced by immunizing mice, rats,hamsters or any other mammal with the antigen of interest such as theintact target cell, antigens isolated from the target cell, whole virus,attenuated whole virus, and viral proteins such as viral coat proteins.Sensitized human cells can also be used. Another method of creatingmonoclonal antibodies is the use of phage libraries of scFv (singlechain variable region), specifically human scFv (see e.g., Griffiths etal., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,885,793 and 5,969,108; McCafferty et al., WO92/01047; Liming et al., WO 99/06587). In addition, resurfacedantibodies disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,639,641 may also be used, as maychimeric antibodies and humanized antibodies. Selection of theappropriate cell-binding agent is a matter of choice that depends uponthe particular cell population that is to be targeted, but in generalhuman monoclonal antibodies are preferred if an appropriate one isavailable.

For example, the monoclonal antibody MY9 is a murine IgG₁ antibody thatbinds specifically to the CD33 Antigen {J. D. Griffin et al 8 LeukemiaRes., 521 (1984)} and can be used if the target cells express CD33 as inthe disease of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). The cell-binding agentmay be any compound that can bind a cell, either in a specific ornon-specific manner. Generally, these can be antibodies (especiallymonoclonal antibodies and antibody fragments), interferons, lymphokines,hormones, growth factors, vitamins, nutrient-transport molecules (suchas transferrin), or any other cell-binding molecule or substance.

Where the cell-binding agent is an antibody, it binds to an antigen thatis a polypeptide and may be a transmembrane molecule (e.g. receptor) ora ligand such as a growth factor. Exemplary antigens include moleculessuch as renin; a growth hormone, including human growth hormone andbovine growth hormone; growth hormone releasing factor; parathyroidhormone; thyroid stimulating hormone; lipoproteins; alpha-1-antitrypsin;insulin A-chain; insulin B-chain; proinsulin; follicle stimulatinghormone; calcitonin; luteinizing hormone; glucagon; clotting factorssuch as factor vmc, factor IX, tissue factor (TF), and von Willebrandsfactor; anti-clotting factors such as Protein C; atrial natriureticfactor; lung surfactant; a plasminogen activator, such as urokinase orhuman urine or tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA); bombesin;thrombin; hemopoietic growth factor; tumor necrosis factor-alpha and-beta; enkephalinase; RANTES (regulated on activation normally T-cellexpressed and secreted); human macrophage inflammatory protein(MIP-1-alpha); a serum albumin, such as human serum albumin;Muellerian-inhibiting substance; relaxin A-chain; relaxin B-chain;prorelaxin; mouse gonadotropin-associated peptide; a microbial protein,such as beta-lactamase; DNase; IgE; a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associatedantigen (CTLA), such as CTLA-4; inhibin; activin; vascular endothelialgrowth factor (VEGF); receptors for hormones or growth factors; proteinA or D; rheumatoid factors; a neurotrophic factor such as bone-derivedneurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3, -4, -5, or -6 (NT-3, NT4,NT-5, or NT-6), or a nerve growth factor such as NGF-β; platelet-derivedgrowth factor (PDGF); fibroblast growth factor such as aFGF and bFGF;fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2); epidermal growth factor(EGF); transforming growth factor (TGF) such as TGF-alpha and TGF-beta,including TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3, TGF-β4, or TGF-β5; insulin-like growthfactor-I and -II (IGF-I and IGF-II); des(1-3)-IGF-I (brain IGF-I),insulin-like growth factor binding proteins, EpCAM, GD3, FLT3, PSMA,PSCA, MUC1, MUC16, STEAP, CEA, TENB2, EphA receptors, EphB receptors,folate receptor, FOLR1, mesothelin, cripto, alpha_(v)beta₆, integrins,VEGF, VEGFR, EGFR, transferrin receptor, IRTA1, IRTA2, IRTA3, IRTA4,IRTA5; CD proteins such as CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD6, CD8, CD11, CD14,CD19, CD20, CD21, CD22, CD25, CD26, CD28, CD30, CD33, CD36, CD37, CD38,CD40, CD44, CD52, CD55, CD56, CD59, CD70, CD79, CD80. CD81, CD103,CD105, CD134, CD137, CD138, CD152 or an antibody which binds to one ormore tumor-associated antigens or cell-surface receptors disclosed in USPublication No. 20080171040 or US Publication No. 20080305044 and areincorporated in their entirety by reference; erythropoietin;osteoinductive factors; immunotoxins; a bone morphogenetic protein(BMP); an interferon, such as interferon-alpha, -beta, and -gamma;colony stimulating factors (CSFs), e.g., M-CSF, GM-CSF, and G-CSF;interleukins (ILs), e.g., IL-1 to IL-10; superoxide dismutase; T-cellreceptors; surface membrane proteins; decay accelerating factor; viralantigen such as, for example, a portion of the HIV envelope; transportproteins; homing receptors; addressins; regulatory proteins; integrins,such as CD11a, CD11b, CD11c, CD18, an ICAM, VLA-4 and VCAM; a tumorassociated antigen such as HER2, HER3 or HER4 receptor; endoglin, c-Met,1GF1R, PSGR, NGEP, PSMA, PSCA, LGR5, B7H4, and fragments of any of theabove-listed polypeptides.

Additionally, GM-CSF, which binds to myeloid cells can be used as acell-binding agent to diseased cells from acute myelogenous leukemia.IL-2 which binds to activated T-cells can be used for prevention oftransplant graft rejection, for therapy and prevention ofgraft-versus-host disease, and for treatment of acute T-cell leukemia.MSH, which binds to melanocytes, can be used for the treatment ofmelanoma, as can antibodies directed towards melanomas. Folic acid canbe used to target the folate receptor expressed on ovarian and othertumors. Epidermal growth factor can be used to target squamous cancerssuch as lung and head and neck. Somatostatin can be used to targetneuroblastomas and other tumor types.

Cancers of the breast and testes can be successfully targeted withestrogen (or estrogen analogues) or androgen (or androgen analogues)respectively as cell-binding agents.

In one embodiment, the cell-binding agent is humanized monoclonalantibodies. In another embodiment, the cell-binding agent is huMy9-6, orother related antibodies, which are described in U.S. Pat. Nos.7,342,110 and 7,557,189 (incorporated herein by reference). In anotherembodiment, the cell-binding agent is an anti-folate receptor antibodydescribed in U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 61/307,797, 61/346,595,61/413,172 and U.S. Application No. 13/033,723 (published as US2012-0009181 A1). The teachings of all these applications areincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In certain embodiments, the cell-binding agent may be a monoclonalantibody or antigen-binding portions thereof sharing sequences criticalfor antigen-binding with an antibody disclosed herein, such as huMy9-6or its related antibodies described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,342,110 and7,557,189 (incorporated herein by reference). These derivativeantibodies may have substantially the same or identical (1) light chainand/or heavy chain CDR3 regions; (2) light chain and/or heavy chainCDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions; or (3) light chain and/or heavy chainregions, compared to an antibody described herein. Sequences withinthese regions may contain conservative amino acid substitutions,including substitutions within the CDR regions. Preferably, there is nomore than 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 conservative substitutions. In certainembodiments, the derivative antibodies have a light chain region and/ora heavy chain region that is at least about 90%, 95%, 99% or 100%identical to an antibody described herein. These derivative antibodiesmay have substantially the same binding specificity and/or affinity tothe target antigen compared to an antibody described herein. Preferably,the K_(d) and/or k_(off) values of the derivative antibodies are within10-fold (either higher or lower), 5-fold (either higher or lower),3-fold (either higher or lower), or 2-fold (either higher or lower) ofan antibody described herein. These derivative antibodies may be fullyhuman antibodies, or humanized antibodies, or chimeric antibodies. Thederivative antibodies may be produced according to any art-recognizedmethods.

In one embodiment, the anti-folate receptor antibody is a humanizedantibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds ahuman folate receptor 1, wherein the antibody comprises: (a) a heavychain CDR1 comprising GYFMN (SEQ ID NO: 1); a heavy chain CDR2comprising RIHPYDGDTFYNQXaa₁FXaa₂Xaa₃ (SEQ ID NO: 2); and a heavy chainCDR3 comprising YDGSRAMDY (SEQ ID NO: 3); and (b) a light chain CDR1comprising KASQSVSFAGTSLMH (SEQ ID NO: 4); a light chain CDR2 comprisingRASNLEA (SEQ ID NO: 5); and a light chain CDR3 comprising QQSREYPYT (SEQID NO: 6); wherein Xaa₁ is selected from K, Q, H, and R; Xaa₂ isselected from Q, H, N, and R; and Xaa₃ is selected from G, E, T, S, A,and V. Preferably, the heavy chain CDR2 sequence comprisesRIHPYDGDTFYNQKFQG (SEQ ID NO: 7).

In another embodiment, the anti-folate receptor antibody is a humanizedantibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds thehuman folate receptor 1 comprising the heavy chain having the amino acidsequence of

(SEQ ID NO: 8) QVQLVQSGAEVVKPGASVKISCKASGYTFTGYFMNWVKQSPGQSLEWIGRIHPYDGDTFYNQKFQGKATLTVDKSSNTAHMELLSLTSEDFAVYYCTRYDGSRAMDYWGQGTTVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKKVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSRDELTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKS LSLSPGK.

In another embodiment, the anti-folate antibody is a humanized antibodyor antigen binding fragment thereof encoded by the plasmid DNA depositedwith the ATCC on Apr. 7, 2010 and having ATCC deposit nos. PTA-10772 andPTA-10773 or 10774.

In another embodiment, the anti-folate receptor antibody is a humanizedantibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds thehuman folate receptor 1 comprising the light chain having the amino acidsequence of

(SEQ ID NO: 9) DIVLTQSPLSLAVSLGQPAIISCKASQSVSFAGTSLMHWYHQKPGQQPRLLIYRASNLEAGVPDRFSGSGSKTDFTLNISPVEAEDAATYYCQQSREYPYTFGGGTKLEIKRTVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC; or (SEQ ID NO: 10)DIVLTQSPLSLAVSLGQPAIISCKASQSVSFAGTSLMHWYHQKPGQQPRLLIYRASNLEAGVPDRFSGSGSKTDFTLTISPVEAEDAATYYCQQSREYPYTFGGGTKLEIKRTVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC.

In another embodiment the anti-folate receptor antibody is a humanizedantibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds thehuman folate receptor 1 comprising the heavy chain having the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 8, and the light chain having the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 9 or SEQ ID NO: 10. Preferably, the antibodycomprises the heavy chain having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8and the light chain having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10 (huFOLR1).

In another embodiment, the anti-folate receptor antibody is a humanizedantibody or antigen binding fragment thereof encoded by the plasmid DNAdeposited with the ATCC on Apr. 7, 2010 and having ATCC deposit nos.PTA-10772 and PTA-10773 or 10774.

In another embodiment, the anti-folate receptor antibody is a humanizedantibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprising a heavy chainvariable domain at least about 90%, 95%, 99% or 100% identical toQVQLVQSGAEVVKPGASVKISCKASGYTFTGYFMNWVKQSPGQSLEWIGRIHPYDGDTFYNQKFQGKATLTVDKSSNTAHMELLSLTSEDFAVYYCTRYDGSRAMDY WGQGTTVTVSS (SEQID NO: 11), and a light chain variable domain at least about 90%, 95%,99% or 100% identical toDIVLTQSPLSLAVSLGQPAIISCKASQSVSFAGTSLMHWYHQKPGQQPRLLIYRASNLEAGVPDRFSGSGSKTDFTLNISPVEAEDAATYYCQQSREYPYTFGGGTKLEIK R (SEQ ID NO:12); or DIVLTQSPLSLAVSLGQPAIISCKASQSVSFAGTSLMHWYHQKPGQQPRLLIYRASNLEAGVPDRFSGSGSKTDFTLTISPVEAEDAATYYCQQSREYPYTFGGGTKLEI KR (SEQ ID NO:13).

A cell-binding agent, such as an antibody, can be modified with aheterobifunctional crosslinker bearing an amine-reactive group, such asN-hydroxysuccinimide group (NHS group), a thiol-reactive maleimido,vinylpyridine, vinyl sulfone, vinyl sulfonamide or a haloacetyl-basedgroup, or a thiol group.

Thiol residues in antibody can be introduced by a number of methodsknown in the art, including: a) modification of antibody withthiol-generating reagents such as 2-iminothiolane or homocysteinethiolactone, or b) via reaction with a disulfide-containingheterobifunctional crosslinking agent such as SPP, SPDP, SPDB,sulfo-SPDB followed by reduction of the disulfide bond with DTT or TCEPto generate a free thiol, c) mutagenesis to incorporate non-nativecysteine residues, such as cysteine-engineered antibodies(US2007/0092940 A1, US 2010/0003766 A1, U.S. Pat. No. 7,723,485 B2), ord) reduction of native disulfide bonds (del Rosario, R. B. et al.,Cancer Res. Suppl. 1990, 50, 804s-808s).

A thiol-reactive group, such as maleimido, vinylpyridine, vinyl sulfone,vinyl sulfonamide or a haloacetyl-based group in antibody can beintroduced by modifying an antibody with a heterobifunctionalcrosslinking agent bearing a thiol-reactive group (including but notlimited to SPDB, N-succinimidyl-4-(4-nitropyridyl-2-dithio)butanoate,sulfo-SMCC, SMCC, LC-SMCC, KMUA, BMPS, GMBS, sulfo-GMBS, EMCS,sulfo-EMCS, AMAS, SVSB, SPP, NHS-(PEG)n-mal, where n=1 to 24, preferably2, 4, 8, 12, and 24). Crosslinking agents comprising a maleimido-basedmoiety include N-succinimidyl 4-(maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-carboxylate(SMCC),N-succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)-cyclohexane-1-carboxy-(6-amidocaproate),which is a “long chain” analog of SMCC (LC-SMCC), κ-maleimidoundecanoicacid N-succinimidyl ester (KMUA), γ-maleimidobutyric acid N-succinimidylester (GMBS), ε-maleimidocaproic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (EMCS),m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (MBS),N-(α-maleimidoacetoxy)-succinimide ester (AMAS),succinimidyl-6-(β-maleimidopropionamido)hexanoate (SMPH), N-succinimidyl4-(p-maleimidophenyl)-butyrate (SMPB), andN-(p-maleimidophenyl)isocyanate (PMPI). Thiol reactive compounds whichcontain a vinylpyridine are described (Friedman M. et. Al. Int. J.Peptide Protein Res. 1974, 6, 183-185; Mak A. et. Al. Anal. Biochem.1978, 84, 432-440). Thiol reactive compounds which contain a vinylsulfone moiety have been described (Masri M. S. J. Protein Chem., 1988,7, 49-54; Morpurgo, M. et. Al. Bioconjugate Chem. 1996, 7, 363-368)Cross-linking reagents comprising a haloacetyl-based moiety includeN-succinimidyl-4-(iodoacetyl)-aminobenzoate (SLAB), N-succinimidyliodoacetate (SIA), N-succinimidyl bromoacetate (SBA), and N-succinimidyl3-(bromoacetamido)propionate (SBAP).

The modified antibody can be purified by any suitable methods known inthe art, for example, gel filtration, TFF or ion-exchange chromatographyor affinity chromatography.

All references cited herein and in the examples that follow areexpressly incorporated by reference in their entireties.

Cell-Binding Agent-Drug Conjugates

The present invention provides improved methods to produce cell-bindingagent-drug conjugates, comprising a cell-binding agent linked to one ormore cytotoxic compounds of the present invention via a variety oflinkers, including, but not limited to, disulfide linkers, thioetherlinkers, amide bonded linkers, peptidase-labile linkers, acid-labilelinkers, esterase-labile linkers.

Representative conjugates that can be made using the methods of theinvention include antibody/cytotoxic compound, antibodyfragment/cytotoxic compound, epidermal growth factor (EGF)/cytotoxiccompound, melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)/cytotoxic compound,thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)/cytotoxic compound,somatostatin/cytotoxic compound, folate/cytotoxic compound,estrogen/cytotoxic compound, estrogen analogue/cytotoxic compound,androgen/cytotoxic compound, and androgen analogue/cytotoxic compound. Arepresentative folate/cytotoxic compound conjugate is depicted below,with the optional —SO₃Na adduct on the imine bond of one of the two drugmonomers. A representative synthesis scheme for this conjugate is shownin FIG. 26.

In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides methods forproducing conjugates comprising an indolinobenzodiazepine dimer compound(e.g., formulas (Ib′), (IIb′), (Iab′), (IIAb′), (IBb′), (IIBb′),(XIIIb′), (Xb′), etc.) and the cell-binding agent linked through acovalent bond. The linker can be cleaved at the site of thetumor/unwanted proliferating cells to deliver the cytotoxic agent to itstarget in a number of ways. The linker can be cleaved, for example, bylow pH (hydrazone), reductive environment (disulfide), proteolysis(amide/peptide link), or through an enzymatic reaction(esterase/glycosidase).

In a preferred aspect, representative cytotoxic conjugates that can beproduced by the methods of the invention areantibody/indolinobenzodiazepine dimer compound, antibodyfragment/indolinobenzodiazepine dimer compound, epidermal growth factor(EGF)/indolinobenzodiazepine dimer compound, melanocyte stimulatinghormone (MSH)/indolinobenzodiazepine dimer compound, thyroid stimulatinghormone (TSH)/indolinobenzodiazepine dimer compound,somatostatin/indolinobenzodiazepine dimer compound,folate/indolinobenzodiazepine dimer compound,estrogen/indolinobenzodiazepine dimer compound, estrogenanalogue/indolinobenzodiazepine dimer compound, prostate specificmembrane antigen (PSMA) inhibitor/indolinobenzodiazepine dimer compound,matriptase inhibitor/indolinobenzodiazepine dimer compound, designedankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins)/indolinobenzodiazepine dimer compound,androgen/indolinobenzodiazepine dimer compound, and androgenanalogue/indolinobenzodiazepine dimer compound.

Thus in the fourteenth specific embodiment, the methods of the inventionproduce a conjugate comprising: a cytotoxic compound and a cell bindingagent (CBA), wherein the cytotoxic compound is covalently linked to theCBA through a linking group, and wherein the cytotoxic compound and thelinking group portion of the conjugate is represented by any one of thefollowing formulas:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

Y is a leaving group, and is a sulfite (HSO₃, HSO₂ or a salt of HSO₃ ⁻,SO₃ ²⁻ or HSO₂ ⁻ formed with a cation), metabisulfite (H₂S₂O₅ or a saltof S₂O₅ ²⁻ formed with a cation), mono-, di-, tri-, andtetra-thiophosphate (PO₃SH₃, PO₂S₂H₂, POS₃H₂, PS₄H₂ or a salt of PO₃S³⁻,PO₂S₂ ³⁻, POS₃ ³⁻ or PS₄ ³⁻ formed with a cation), thio phosphate ester(R^(i)O)₂PS(OR^(i)), R^(i)SO, R^(i)SO₂, R^(i)SO₃, thiosulfate (HS₂O₃ ora salt of S₂O₃ ²⁻ formed with a cation), dithionite (HS₂O₄ or a salt ofS₂O₄ ²⁻ formed with a cation), phosphorodithioate (P(═S)(OR^(k′))(S)(OH)or a salt thereof formed with a cation), hydroxamic acid (R^(k′)C(═O)NOHor a salt formed with a cation), formaldehyde sulfoxylate (HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻ ora salt of HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻ formed with a cation, such as HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻Na⁺) or amixture thereof, wherein R^(i) is a linear or branched alkyl having 1 to10 carbon atoms and is substituted with at least one substituentselected from —N(R^(j))₂, —CO₂H, —SO₃H, and —PO₃H; R^(i) can be furtheroptionally substituted with a substituent for an alkyl described herein;R^(j) is a linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; R^(k′)is a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having 1 to 10carbon atoms, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl; preferably, Y is anadduct of a bisulfite, a hydrosulfite, or a metabisulfite, or saltsthereof (such as sodium salt);

X′ is selected from —H, an amine-protecting group, the linking group, anoptionally substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl oralkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a polyethylene glycol unit—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R^(c), an optionally substituted aryl having 6 to 18carbon atoms, an optionally substituted 5- to 18-membered heteroarylring containing one or more heteroatoms independently selected fromnitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and an optionally substituted 3- to18-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 to 6 heteroatomsindependently selected from O, S, N and P;

Y′ is selected from —H, an oxo group, the linking group, an optionallysubstituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl havingfrom 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted 6- to 18-memberedaryl, an optionally substituted 5- to 18-membered heteroaryl ringcontaining one or more heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen,oxygen, and sulfur, an optionally substituted 3- to 18-memberedheterocyclic ring having 1 to 6 heteroatoms;

R^(c) is —H or a substituted or unsubstituted linear or branched alkylhaving 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or the linking group;

R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₁′, R₂′, R₃′ and R₄′ are each independently selectedfrom the group consisting of —H, an optionally substituted linear,branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbonatoms, a polyethylene glycol unit —(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—R^(c), halogen,guanidinium [—NH(C═NH)NH₂], —OR, —NR′R″, —NO₂, —NCO, —NR′COR″, —SR, asulfoxide represented by —SOR′, a sulfone represented by —SO₂R′, asulfonate —SO₃ ⁻M⁺, a sulfate —OSO₃ ⁻M⁺, a sulfonamide represented by—SO₂NR′R″, cyano, an azido, —COR′, —OCOR′, —OCONR′R″ and the linkinggroup;

M is —H or a pharmaceutically acceptable cation, such as Na⁺;

R, for each occurrence, is independently selected from the groupconsisting of —H, an optionally substituted linear, branched or cyclicalkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, apolyethylene glycol unit —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R^(c), an optionally substitutedaryl having 6 to 18 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted 5- to18-membered heteroaryl ring containing one or more heteroatomsindependently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, or anoptionally substituted 3- to 18-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1to 6 heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, N and P;

R′ and R″ are each independently selected from —H, —OH, —OR, —NHR, —NR₂,—COR, an optionally substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl,alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a polyethyleneglycol unit —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R^(c), and an optionally substituted3-18-membered heterocyclic ring having 1 to 6 heteroatoms independentlyselected from O, S, N and P;

R^(c) is —H or a substituted or unsubstituted linear or branched alkylhaving 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or the linking group;

n is an integer from 1 to 24;

W is selected from C═O, C═S, CH₂, BH, SO and SO₂;

R₆ is —H, —R, —OR, —SR, —NR′R″, —NO₂, halogen or the linking group;

Z and Z′ are independently selected from —(CH₂)_(n′)—,—(CH₂)_(n′)—CR₇R₈—(CH₂)_(na′)—, —(CH₂)_(n′)—NR₉—(CH₂)_(na′)—,—(CH₂)_(n′)—O—(CH₂)_(na′)— and —(CH₂)_(n′)—S—(CH₂)_(na′)—;

n′ and na′ are the same or different, and are selected from 0, 1, 2 and3;

R₇ and R₈ are the same or different, and are each independently selectedfrom —H, —OH, —SH, —COOH, —NHR′, a polyethylene glycol unit—(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—, an amino acid, a peptide unit bearing 2 to 6 aminoacids, an optionally substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl havingfrom 1 to 10 carbon atoms;

R₉ is independently selected from —H, an optionally substituted linear,branched or cyclic alkyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, apolyethylene glycol unit —(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—;

A and A′ are the same or different, and are independently selected from—O—, oxo (—C(═O)—), —CRR′O—, —CRR′—, —S—, —CRR′S—, —N(R₅)— and—CRR′N(R₅)—,

R₅ for each occurrence is independently —H or an optionally substitutedlinear or branched alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms;

D and D′ are the same or different, and are independently absent orselected from the group consisting of an optionally substituted linear,branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having 1 to 10 carbonatoms, an amino acid, a peptide bearing 2 to 6 amino acids, and apolyethylene glycol unit (—OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—;

L is absent, the linking group, a polyethylene glycol unit(—OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—, an optionally substituted linear, branched or cyclicalkyl or alkenyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a phenyl group, a 3- to18-membered heterocyclic ring or a 5- to 18-membered heteroaryl ringhaving 1 to 6 heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, N and P,wherein the alkyl or alkenyl is optionally substituted with the linkinggroup; phenyl or heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring can be optionallysubstituted, wherein the substituent can comprise the linking group.

A representative conjugate is presented below (“Ab” stands for a CBA,such as an antibody):

In certain embodiments, Y is —SO₂M, —SO₃M, or —OSO₃M.

In certain embodiments, the conjugates that can be synthesized by themethods of the invention include the following:

wherein:

-   -   CBA is the cell-binding agent, r is an integer from 1 to 10, Y        is —H, an adduct of a bisulfite, a hydrosulfite, a        metabisulfite, or salts thereof, or —SO₃M, and M is —H or a        pharmaceutically acceptable cation.

In certain embodiments, L is absent, or is selected from an optionallysubstituted phenyl group and an optionally substituted pyridyl group,wherein the phenyl and the pyridyl group bears the linking group, or Lis an amine group bearing the linking group (i.e., —N(linking group)-),or L is a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkenyl having from 1 to 6carbon atoms and bearing the linking group.

In the fifteenth specific embodiment, the cytotoxic compound bonded tothe linking group is represented by any one of the following formulas:

wherein:

-   -   L′, L″, and L′″ are the same or different, and are independently        selected from —H, an optionally substituted linear, branched or        cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon        atoms, a polyethylene glycol unit —(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—R^(c), halogen,        guanidinium [—NH(C═NH)NH₂], —OR, —NR′R″, —NO₂, —NR′COR″, —SR, a        sulfoxide represented by —SOR′, a sulfone represented by —SO₂R′,        a sulfonate —SO₃M, a sulfate —OSO₃M, a sulfonamide represented        by —SO₂NR′R″, cyano, an azido, —COR′, —OCOR′, —OCONR′R″ and the        linking group, provided only one of L′, L″, and L′″ is the        linking group; and    -   G is selected from —CH— or —N—. The remaining groups are as        described in the fourteenth specific embodiment above.

In certain embodiments, one of L′, L″, or L′″ is the linking group,while the others are —H. Preferably, L′ is the linking group, and L″ andL′″ are —H.

In certain embodiments, A and A′ are both —O—, R₆ is —OMe, and G is—CH—.

In a sixteenth specific embodiment, L′ is represented by the followingformula:

—W′—R^(x)—V—R^(y)-J,

wherein:

-   -   W′ and V are the same or different, and are each independently        absent, or selected from —CR^(e)R^(e′)—, —O—, —O—C(═O)—,        —C(═O)—O—, —S—, —SO—, —SO₂—, —CH₂—S—, —CH₂O—, —CH₂NR^(e)—,        —O—(C═O)O—, —O—(C═O)N(R^(e))—, —N(R^(e))—, —N(R^(e))—C(═O)—,        —C(═O)—N(R^(e))—, —N(R^(e))—C(═O)O—, —N(C(═O)R^(e))C(═O)—,        —N(C(═O)R^(e))—, —(O—CH₂—CH₂)_(n)—, —SS—, or —C(═O)—, or an        amino acid, or a peptide having 2 to 8 amino acids;    -   R^(x) and R^(y) are the same or different, and are each        independently absent or an optionally substituted linear,        branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl having 1 to 10        carbon atoms, an aryl bearing 6 to 10 carbon atoms or a 3- to        8-membered heterocyclic ring bearing 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected        from O, N or S;    -   R^(e) and R^(e′) are the same or different, and are selected        from —H, a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl        having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(n)—R^(k), wherein        R^(k) is a —H, a linear, branched cyclic alkyl having 1 to 6        carbon atoms, optionally bearing a secondary amino (e.g.,        —NHR¹⁰¹) or tertiary amino (—NR¹⁰¹R¹⁰²) group or a 5- or        6-membered nitrogen containing heterocycle, such as piperidine        or morpholine, wherein R¹⁰¹ and R¹⁰² are each independently a        linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having 1        to 10 carbon atoms; preferably, R¹⁰¹ and R¹⁰² are each        independently a linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon        atoms;    -   n is an integer from 1 to 24; and    -   J is covalently linked to the CBA, and is selected from a        succinimide, a acetamido, —S—, —SS—, —CH₂S—, —CH(Me)S—,        —C(Me)₂S—, —NR^(c1)—, —CH₂NR^(c1)—, —NR^(c1)N—, and —C(═O)—,        wherein R^(c1) is —H or a substituted or unsubstituted linear or        branched alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

In certain embodiments, J is —S—, —SS—, a succinimide, or —C(═O)—.

In certain embodiments, R^(e)′ is —H or -Me; R^(e) is a linear orbranched alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(n)—R^(k); nis an integer from 2 to 8; and R^(k) is —H, -Me or —CH₂CH₂—NMe₂, and theremainder of the variables are as described above in the fifteenthspecific embodiment.

In certain embodiments, V is an amino acid or a peptide having 2 to 8amino acids.

In certain embodiments, V is valine-citrulline, gly-gly-gly, orala-leu-ala-leu.

In certain embodiments,

-   -   W′ is —O—, —N(R^(e))— or —N(R^(e))—C(═O)—;    -   R^(e) is H, a linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon        atoms, or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(n)—R^(k);    -   R^(x) is a linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms;    -   V is absent, —(O—CH₂—CH₂)_(n)—, —C(═O)—NH—, —S—, —NH—C(═O)—;    -   R^(y) is absent or a linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 4        carbon atoms; and    -   J is —S—, —SS—, or —C(═O)—, and the remaining groups are as        defined in the sixteenth specific embodiment.

In certain embodiments,

-   -   W′ is —O—, —N(R^(e))— or —N(R^(e))—C(═O)—;    -   R^(e) is —H, -Me, or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(n)-Me;    -   n is an integer from 2 to 6;    -   R^(x) is linear or branched alkyl bearing 1 to 6 carbon atoms;    -   V and R^(y) are absent; and    -   J is —C(═O)—. The remaining groups are as defined in the        sixteenth specific embodiment.

In a seventeenth specific embodiment, L′ in the sixteenth specificembodiment is represented by the following formula:

—W′—[CR_(1″)R_(2″)]_(a)—V-[Cy]₀₋₁-[CR_(3″)R_(4″)]_(b)—C(═O)—,

wherein:

-   -   R_(1″), R_(2″), and R_(3″) are each independently —H or a linear        or branched alkyl bearing 1 to 4 carbon atoms, preferably -Me;    -   R_(4″), is —H, a linear or branched alkyl bearing 1 to 4 carbon        atoms (preferably -Me), —SO₃H, or —SO₃ ⁻M⁺, wherein M⁺ is a        pharmaceutically acceptable cation;    -   a is an integers from 0-5 (e.g., from 0 to 2, 3, 4, or 5), and b        is an integer from 0-6 (e.g., from 0 to 3, 4, 5, or 6); and,    -   Cy is an optionally substituted 5-membered heterocyclic ring        bearing an N heteroatom, preferably Cy is

In certain embodiments, such as in the sixteenth or the seventeenthspecific embodiment, W′ is —N(R^(e))—.

In certain embodiments, such as in the sixteenth or the seventeenthspecific embodiment, R^(e) is —(CH₂—CH₂—O)₂₋₆—R^(k), wherein R^(k) is alinear or branched alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

In certain embodiments, such as in the sixteenth or the seventeenthspecific embodiment, V is —S— or —SS—.

In an eighteenth specific embodiment, L′ in the sixteenth or theseventeenth specific embodiment is represented by the following formula:

—NR^(e)—[CR_(1″)R_(2″)]_(a)—S—[CR_(3″)R_(4″)]_(b)—C(═O)—.

In certain embodiments, such as in the sixteenth to seventeenth specificembodiments, the conjugate is:

-   -   wherein r is an integer from 1 to 10, Y is —SO₃M, and M is —H or        a pharmaceutically acceptable cation.

In certain embodiments, such as in the sixteenth to eighteenth specificembodiments, the antibody is huMy9-6.

In a nineteenth specific embodiment, L′ in the sixteenth or theseventeenth specific embodiment is represented by the following formula:

—NR^(e)—[CR_(1″)R_(2″)]_(a)—S-Cy-[CR_(3″)R_(4″)]_(b)—C(═O)—.

In certain embodiments, such as in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and thenineteenth specific embodiments, the conjugate is:

-   -   wherein r is an integer from 1 to 10, Y is —SO₃M, and M is —H or        a pharmaceutically acceptable cation.

In certain embodiments, such as in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and thenineteenth specific embodiments, the antibody is huMy9-6.

In a twentieth specific embodiment, the cytotoxic compound bonded to thelinking group is represented by the following formula:

wherein:

-   -   W′ is absent, or selected from —O—, —N(R^(e))—,        —N(R^(e))—C(═O)—, —N(C(═O)R^(e))—, —S—, —CH₂—S—, or —CH₂NR^(e)—;    -   R^(x) is absent or selected from a linear, branched or cyclic        alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms;

R^(e) is —H, a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynylhaving 1 to 10 carbon atoms or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(n)—R^(k), wherein R^(k) isa —H, a linear, branched cyclic alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms,optionally bearing a secondary amino (e.g., —NHR¹⁰¹) or tertiary amino(—NR¹⁰¹R¹⁰²) group or a 5 or 6-membered nitrogen containing heterocycle,such as piperidine or morpholine, wherein R¹⁰¹ and R¹⁰² are eachindependently a linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynylhaving 1 to 10 carbon atoms;

-   -   Z^(s) is linked to the CBA, and is either a bond, or —SR^(m)—;    -   R^(m) is R^(d) or a substituted linear or branched alkyl having        1 to 4 carbon atoms bearing a reactive ester, selected from        N-hydroxysuccinimide esters, N-hydroxyphthalimide esters,        N-hydroxy sulfo-succinimide esters, para-nitrophenyl esters,        dinitrophenyl esters, and pentafluorophenyl esters;    -   R^(d) is selected from phenyl, nitrophenyl, dinitrophenyl,        carboxynitrophenyl, pyridyl or nitropyridyl; and    -   n is an integer from 1 to 24; and the remainder of the variables        are as described above in the eighth or the fifteenth specific        embodiment.

In a twenty-first specific embodiment, the cytotoxic compound bonded tothe linking group is represented by the following formula:

wherein:

-   -   W′ is absent, or selected from —O—, —N(R^(e))—,        —N(R^(e))—C(═O)—, —N(C(═O)R^(e))—, —S—, —CH₂—S—, or —CH₂NR^(e)—;    -   R^(x) is absent or selected from a linear, branched or cyclic        alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms;    -   R^(e) is —H, a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or        alkynyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(n)—R^(k),        wherein R^(k) is a —H, a linear, branched cyclic alkyl having 1        to 6 carbon atoms, optionally bearing a secondary amino (e.g.,        —NHR¹⁰¹) or tertiary amino (—NR¹⁰¹R¹⁰²) group or a 5 or        6-membered nitrogen containing heterocycle, such as piperidine        or morpholine, wherein R¹⁰¹ and R¹⁰² are each independently a        linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having 1        to 10 carbon atoms;    -   n is an integer from 2 to 6;    -   Z^(s) is linked to the CBA, and is selected from:        -   a bond;

wherein:

-   -   q is an integer from 1 to 5; and,    -   M is —H or a pharmaceutically acceptable cation, such as Na⁺ or        K⁺.

In certain embodiments, Z^(s) is represented by any one of the followingformulas:

In certain embodiments, such as the 21^(st) specific embodiment, W′ is—N(R^(e))—.

In certain embodiments, such as the 21^(st) specific embodiment, R^(e)is —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(n)—R^(k), wherein R^(k) is a —H, a linear, branchedcyclic alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

In certain embodiments, such as the 21^(st) specific embodiment, R^(k)is —H or -Me, n is 4, and q is 2.

In certain embodiments, such as the 21^(st) specific embodiment, R^(x)is a linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

In certain embodiments, such as the 21^(st) specific embodiment, R^(x)is —(CH₂)_(p)—(CR^(f)R^(g))—, wherein R^(f) and R^(g) are eachindependently selected from H or a linear or branched alkyl having 1 to4 carbon atoms; and p is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

In certain embodiments, such as the 21^(st) specific embodiment, R^(f)and R^(g) are the same or different, and are selected from —H and -Me;and p is 1.

In a twenty-second specific embodiment, the conjugate of formula(VIIIb′) and (Xb′) described in the twenty-first specific embodiment,the variables are as described below:

-   -   Y is —SO₃M;    -   M is —H or a pharmaceutically acceptable cation (e.g., Na⁺);    -   X′ and Y′ are both —H;    -   A and A′ are both —O—;    -   R₆ is —OMe; and    -   R^(x) is a linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

In certain embodiments, such as the 14^(th) to the 21^(st) specificembodiment, Y is selected from —SO₃M, —SO₂M and a sulfate —OSO₃M.Preferably, Y is —SO₃M. Preferably, M is —H, Na⁺ or K⁺.

In certain embodiments, such as the 14^(th) to the 22^(nd) specificembodiment, W, when present, is C═O.

In certain embodiments, such as the 14^(th) to the 22^(nd) specificembodiment, Z and Z′, when present, are —CH₂—.

In certain embodiments, such as the 14^(th) to the 22^(nd) specificembodiment, X′ is selected from the group consisting of —H, —OH, anoptionally substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl oralkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, phenyl, the linking group, andan amine-protecting group. In certain embodiments, X′ is —H, —OH, -Me orthe linking group. Preferably, X′ is —H.

In certain embodiments, such as the 14^(th) to the 22^(nd) specificembodiment, Y′ is selected from the group consisting of —H, an oxogroup, a substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl,alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Preferably, Y′ is—H or oxo. More preferably, —H.

In certain embodiments, such as the 14^(th) to the 22^(nd) specificembodiment, A and A′ are the same or different, and are selected from—O—, —S—, —N(R₅)—, and oxo (C═O). Preferably, A and A′ are the same ordifferent, and are selected from —O— and —S—. More preferably, A and A′are —O—.

In certain embodiments, such as the 14^(th) to the 22^(nd) specificembodiment, D and D′, when present, are the same or different, and areindependently selected from a polyethylene glycol unit (—OCH₂CH₂)_(n),wherein n is an integer from 1 to 24, an amino acid, a peptide bearing 2to 6 amino acids, or a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl oralkynyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl andalkynyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituentsindependently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OR,—NR′COR″, —SR and —COR′. Preferably, D and D′ are linear or branchedalkyl bearing 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

In a twenty-third specific embodiment, for compounds of formula (Ibb′)or (IIBb′), described in the twentieth specific embodiment, thevariables are as described below:

-   -   Y is —SO₃M;    -   M is —H or Na⁺;    -   X′ and Y′ are both —H;    -   A and A′ are both —O—;    -   R₆ is —OMe;    -   R^(x) is a linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

Preferably, R^(x) is —(CH₂)_(p)—(CR^(f)R^(g))—, wherein R^(f) and R^(g)are each independently selected from —H or a linear or branched alkylhaving 1 to 4 carbon atoms; p is 0, 1, 2 or 3. More preferably, R^(f)and R^(g) are the same or different, and are selected from —H and -Me;and p is 1.

In a twenty-fourth specific embodiment, the conjugate of the presentinvention as described in the fourteenth, fifteenth, or the twenty-firstspecific embodiment is represented by the following:

-   -   Y is —SO₃M, wherein M is —H or a pharmaceutically acceptable        cation (e.g., Na⁺);    -   W is C═O;    -   R₁, R₂, R₁′, R₂′, R₄ and R₄′ are —H;    -   one of R₃, or R_(3′) is optionally the linking group and the        other is —H;    -   R₆ is —OMe;    -   Z and Z′ are —CH₂;    -   X′ is —H;    -   Y′ is —H; and    -   A and A′ are —O—.

In any of the specific embodiments for the conjugate of the inventionabove, such as the 14^(th) to the 24^(th) specific embodiments, Y isselected from —SO₃M, —SO₂M and a sulfate —OSO₃M. Preferably, Y is —SO₃M.

In certain embodiments, such as the 14^(th) to the 24^(th) specificembodiment, M is —H, Na⁺ or K⁺.

In any of the specific embodiments for the conjugate of the inventionabove, such as the 14^(th) to the 24^(th) specific embodiments, W, whenpresent, is C═O.

In any of the specific embodiments for the conjugate of the inventionabove, such as the 14^(th) to the 24^(th) specific embodiments, Z andZ′, when present, are —CH₂—.

In any of the specific embodiments for the conjugate of the inventionabove, such as the 14^(th) to the 24^(th) specific embodiments, X′ isselected from the group consisting of —H, —OH, an optionally substitutedlinear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10carbon atoms, phenyl, the linking group, and an amine-protecting group.In certain embodiments, X′ is —H, —OH, -Me or the linking group. Incertain embodiments, X′ is —H.

In any of the specific embodiments for the conjugate of the inventionabove, such as the 14^(th) to the 24^(th) specific embodiments, Y′ isselected from the group consisting of —H, an oxo group, a substituted orunsubstituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynylhaving from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, Y′ is —H oroxo. In certain embodiments, Y′ is —H.

In any of the specific embodiments for the conjugate of the inventionabove, such as the 14^(th) to the 24^(th) specific embodiments, A and A′are the same or different, and are selected from —O—, —S—, —N(R₅)—, andoxo (C═O). In certain embodiments, A and A′ are the same or different,and are selected from —O— and —S—. In certain embodiments, A and A′ are—O—.

In any of the specific embodiments for the conjugate of the inventionabove, such as the 14^(th) to the 24^(th) specific embodiments, D andD′, when present, are the same or different, and are independentlyselected from a polyethylene glycol unit (—OCH₂CH₂)_(n), wherein n is aninteger from 1 to 24, an amino acid, a peptide bearing 2 to 6 aminoacids, or a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having1 to 10 carbon atoms, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl areoptionally substituted with one or more substituents independentlyselected from the group consisting of halogen, —OR, —NR′COR″, —SR and—COR′. In certain embodiments, D and D′ are linear or branched alkylbearing 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

In certain embodiments, the conjugate of any one of the describedembodiments, such as the 14^(th) to the 24^(th) specific embodiments,may comprise 1-10 cytotoxic compounds, 2-9 cytotoxic compounds, 3-8cytotoxic compounds, 4-7 cytotoxic compounds, or 5-6 cytotoxiccompounds, each cytotoxic compound comprising the linking group linkingthe cytotoxic compound to the CBA, and each cytotoxic compound on theconjugate is the same.

In certain embodiments, the conjugate of any one of the describedembodiments, such as the 14^(th) to the 24^(th) specific embodiments,may comprise 1-10 cytotoxic compounds, 2-9 cytotoxic compounds, 3-8cytotoxic compounds, 4-7 cytotoxic compounds, or 5-6 cytotoxiccompounds, each cytotoxic compound comprising the linking group linkingthe cytotoxic compound to the CBA, and each cytotoxic compound on theconjugate is the same.

In certain embodiments, the conjugate of any one of the describedembodiments, such as the 14^(th) to the 24^(th) specific embodiments,may comprise 1-10 total cytotoxic compounds and (unmodified)imine-containing cytotoxic compounds, 2-9 total cytotoxic compounds and(unmodified) imine-containing cytotoxic compounds, 3-8 total cytotoxiccompounds and (unmodified) imine-containing cytotoxic compounds, 4-7total cytotoxic compounds and (unmodified) imine-containing cytotoxiccompounds, or 5-6 total cytotoxic compounds and (unmodified)imine-containing cytotoxic compounds, each cytotoxic compounds or(unmodified) imine-containing cytotoxic compound comprising the linkinggroup linking the cytotoxic compounds or (unmodified) imine-containingcytotoxic compound to the CBA, and each cytotoxic compounds or(unmodified) imine-containing cytotoxic compound on the conjugate is thesame (except for the (bisulfite) modification).

In any of the conjugates embodiments, such as the 14^(th) to the 24^(th)specific embodiments, the cell-binding agent may bind to target cellsselected from tumor cells, virus infected cells, microorganism infectedcells, parasite infected cells, autoimmune cells, activated cells,myeloid cells, activated T-cells, B cells, or melanocytes; cellsexpressing the CD4, CD6, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD30, CD33, CD37, CD38, CD40,CD44, CD56, EpCAM, CanAg, CALLA, or Her-2 antigens; Her-3 antigens; orcells expressing insulin growth factor receptor, epidermal growth factorreceptor, and folate receptor.

In any of the conjugates embodiments, such as the 14^(th) to the 24^(th)specific embodiments, the cell-binding agent may be an antibody, asingle chain antibody, an antibody fragment that specifically binds tothe target cell, a monoclonal antibody, a single chain monoclonalantibody, or a monoclonal antibody fragment that specifically binds thea target cell, a chimeric antibody, a chimeric antibody fragment thatspecifically binds to the target cell, a domain antibody, a domainantibody fragment that specifically binds to the target cell, alymphokine, a hormone, a vitamin, a growth factor, a colony stimulatingfactor, or a nutrient-transport molecule.

The antibody may be a resurfaced antibody, a resurfaced single chainantibody, or a resurfaced antibody fragment.

The antibody may be a monoclonal antibody, a single chain monoclonalantibody, or a monoclonal antibody fragment thereof.

The antibody may be a humanized antibody, a humanized single chainantibody, or a humanized antibody fragment.

In any one of the specific embodiment herein, such as the 1^(st)-24^(th)specific embodiments, the imine reactive reagent is selected from thegroup consisting of sulfites (H₂SO₃, H₂SO₂ or a salt of HSO₃ ⁻, SO₃ ²⁻or HSO₂ ⁻ formed with a cation), metabisulfite (H₂S₂O₅ or a salt of S₂O₅²⁻ formed with a cation), mono, di, tri, and tetra-thiophosphates(PO₃SH₃, PO₂S₂H₃, POS₃H₃, PS₄H₃ or a salt of PO₃S³⁻, PO₂S₂ ³⁻, POS₃ ³⁻or PS₄ ³⁻ formed with a cation), thio phosphate esters((R^(i)O)₂PS(OR^(i)), R^(i)SH, R^(i)SOH, R^(i)SO₂H, R^(i)SO₃H), variousamines (hydroxylamine (e.g., NH₂OH), hydrazine (e.g., NH₂NH₂),NH₂O—R^(i), R^(i), NH—R^(i), NH₂—R^(i)), NH₂—CO—NH₂, NH₂—C(═S)—NH₂′thiosulfate (H₂S₂O₃ or a salt of S₂O₃ ²⁻ formed with a cation),dithionite (H₂S₂O₄ or a salt of S₂O₄ ²⁻ formed with a cation),phosphorodithioate (P(═S)(OR^(k))(SH)(OH) or a salt thereof formed witha cation), hydroxamic acid (R^(k)C(═O)NHOH or a salt formed with acation), hydrazide (R^(k)CONHNH₂), formaldehyde sulfoxylate (HOCH₂SO₂Hor a salt of HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻ formed with a cation, such as HOCH₂SO₂Na⁺),glycated nucleotide (such as GDP-mannose), fludarabine or a mixturethereof, wherein R^(i) and R^(i′) are each independently a linear orbranched alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and are substituted with atleast one substituent selected from —N(R^(j))₂, —CO₂H, —SO₃H, and —PO₃H;R^(i) and R^(i′) can be further optionally substituted with asubstituent for an alkyl described herein; R^(j) is a linear or branchedalkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; R^(k) is a linear, branched or cyclicalkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, aryl,heterocyclyl or heteroaryl.

Preferably, the imine reactive reagent is selected from sulfites,hydroxylamine, hydrazine and urea. More preferably, the imine reactivereagent is NaHSO₃ or KHSO₃.

In any one of the specific embodiment herein, such as the 1^(st)-24^(th)specific embodiments, about 0.1 to about 30 molar equivalents of theimine reactive reagent to the imine-containing cytotoxic compound isused. In certain embodiments, about 1 to about 10 molar equivalents ofthe imine reactive reagent to the imine-containing cytotoxic compound isused. In certain embodiments, about 3 to about 5 molar equivalents ofthe imine reactive reagent to the imine-containing cytotoxic compound isused.

In any one of the specific embodiment herein, such as the 1^(st)-24^(th)specific embodiments, the bifunctional crosslinking agent links thecytotoxic agent to the cell-binding agent through a thioether bond, andmay have a maleimido- or haloacetyl-based moiety, wherein thebifunctional crosslinking agent having the maleimido-based moiety isselected from: N-succinimidyl 4-(maleimidomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate(SMCC),N-succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)-cyclohexane-1-carboxy-(6-amidocaproate)(LC-SMCC), κ-maleimidoundecanoic acid N-succinimidyl ester (KMUA),γ-maleimidobutyric acid N-succinimidyl ester (GMBS), ε-maleimidocaproicacid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (EMCS),m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (MBS),N-(α-maleimidoacetoxy)-succinimide ester (AMAS),succinimidyl-6-(β-maleimidopropionamido)hexanoate (SMPH), N-succinimidyl4-(p-maleimidophenyl)-butyrate (SMPB), N-(p-maleimidophenyl)isocyanate(PMPI), N-succinimidyl-4-(4-nitropyridyl-2-dithio)butanoate; and,wherein the bifunctional crosslinking agent having the haloacetyl-basedmoiety is selected from: N-succinimidyl-4-(iodoacetyl)-aminobenzoate(SLAB), N-succinimidyl iodoacetate (SIA), N-succinimidyl bromoacetate(SBA), and N-succinimidyl 3-(bromoacetamido)propionate (SBAP),bis-maleimidopolyethyleneglycol (BMPEO), BM(PEO)₂, BM(PEO)₃,N-(β-maleimidopropyloxy)succinimide ester (BMPS), 5-maleimidovalericacid NHS, HBVS, 4-(4-N-maleimidophenyl)-butyric acid hydrazide.HCl(MPBH), Succinimidyl-(4-vinylsulfonyl)benzoate (SVSB),dithiobis-maleimidoethane (DTME), 1,4-bis-maleimidobutane (BMB),1,4-bismaleimidyl-2,3-dihydroxybutane (BMDB), bis-maleimidohexane (BMH),bis-maleimidoethane (BMOE), sulfosuccinimidyl4-(N-maleimido-methyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (sulfo-SMCC),sulfosuccinimidyl(4-iodo-acetyl)aminobenzoate (sulfo-SIAB),m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide ester (sulfo-MBS),N-(γ-maleimidobutryloxy)sulfosuccinimde ester (sulfo-GMBS),N-(ε-maleimidocaproyloxy)sulfosuccimido ester (sulfo-EMCS),N-(κ-maleimidoundecanoyloxy)sulfosuccinimide ester (sulfo-KMUS),sulfosuccinimidyl 4-(p-maleimidophenyl)butyrate (sulfo-SMPB), CX1-1,sulfo-Mal and PEG_(n)-Mal.

In certain embodiments, the bifunctional crosslinking agent is selectedfrom the group consisting of SMCC, Sulfo-SMCC, BMPS, GMBS, SIA, SIAB,N-succinimidyl-4-(4-nitropyridyl-2-dithio)butanoate, bis-maleimidohexaneor BMPEO.

In any of the embodiments, such as the 1^(st)-24^(th) specificembodiments, the conjugate is purified by tangential flow filtration,adsorptive chromatography, adsorptive filtration, selectiveprecipitation, non-absorptive filtration or combination thereof.Preferably, the conjugate is purified by tangential flow filtrationand/or adsorptive chromatography.

In certain embodiments, such as the 1^(st)-24^(th) specific embodiments,the cell-binding agent (CBA) bearing the thiol-reactive group is:

The compounds or the conjugates made by the methods of the inventionspecifically include:

wherein r is an integer from 1 to 10, Y is —H or —SO₃M, and M is —H or apharmaceutically acceptable cation.

In a 25^(th) specific embodiment, the invention provides a method forpreparing a conjugate of the following formula:

-   -   the method comprising reacting a cytotoxic compound of the        following formula,

-   -   with a modified CBA of the following formula, respectively, at a        pH of about 4 to about 9,

-   -   wherein:        -   r is an integer from 1 to 10;        -   Y is a leaving group, and is a sulfite (HSO₃, HSO₂ or a salt            of HSO₃ ⁻, SO₃ ²⁻ or HSO₂ ⁻ formed with a cation),            metabisulfite (H₂S₂O₅ or a salt of S₂O₅ ²⁻ formed with a            cation), mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-thiophosphate (PO₃SH₃,            PO₂S₂H₂, POS₃H₂, PS₄H₂ or a salt of PO₃S³⁻, PO₂S₂ ³⁻, POS₃            ³⁻ or PS₄ ³⁻ formed with a cation), thio phosphate ester            (R^(i)O)₂PS(OR^(i)), R^(i)SO, R^(i)SO₂, R^(i)SO₃,            thiosulfate (HS₂O₃ or a salt of S₂O₃ ²⁻ formed with a            cation), dithionite (HS₂O₄ or a salt of S₂O₄ ²⁻ formed with            a cation), phosphorodithioate (P(═S)(OR^(k′))(S)(OH) or a            salt thereof formed with a cation), hydroxamic acid            (R^(k′)C(═O)NOH or a salt formed with a cation),            formaldehyde sulfoxylate (HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻ or a salt of HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻            formed with a cation, such as HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻Na⁺) or a mixture            thereof, wherein R^(i) is a linear or branched alkyl having            1 to 10 carbon atoms and is substituted with at least one            substituent selected from —N(R^(j))₂, —CO₂H, —SO₃H, and            —PO₃H; R^(i) can be further optionally substituted with a            substituent for an alkyl described herein; R^(j) is a linear            or branched alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; R^(k′) is a            linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having            1 to 10 carbon atoms, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl;            preferably Y is —SO₃M; and        -   M is —H or a pharmaceutically acceptable cation.

In certain embodiments, Y is −SO₃M; and M is —H or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable cation.

In certain embodiments, the cytotoxic compound is produced by reactingan imine reactive reagent with an imine-containing cytotoxic compound ofthe following formula:

In certain embodiments, the CBA is huMy9-6.

In a 26^(th) specific embodiment, the invention provides a method forpreparing a conjugate of the following formula:

-   -   the method comprising reacting the CBA with an imine-containing        cytotoxic compound, an imine reactive reagent, and a        bifunctional crosslinking agent comprising the linking group to        form the conjugate,    -   wherein:        -   the imine-containing cytotoxic compound is:

-   -   -   the bifunctional crosslinking agent is:

-   -   -    respectively, and,        -   the imine reactive reagent is selected from: sulfites            (H₂SO₃, H₂SO₂ or a salt of HSO₃ ⁻, SO₃ ²⁻ or HSO₂ ⁻ formed            with a cation), metabisulfite (H₂S₂O₅ or a salt of S₂O₅ ²⁻            formed with a cation), mono, di, tri, and            tetra-thiophosphates (PO₃SH₃, PO₂S₂H₃, POS₃H₃, PS₄H₃ or a            salt of PO₃S³⁻, PO₂S₂ ³⁻, POS₃ ³⁻ or PS₄ ³⁻ formed with a            cation), thio phosphate esters ((R^(i)O)₂PS(OR^(i)),            R^(i)SH, R^(i)SOH, R^(i)SO₂H, R^(i)SO₃H), various amines            (hydroxylamine (e.g., NH₂OH), hydrazine (e.g., NH₂NH₂),            NH₂O—R^(i), R^(i), NH—R^(i), NH₂—R^(i)), NH₂—CO—NH₂,            NH₂—C(═S)—NH_(2′) thiosulfate (H₂S₂O₃ or a salt of S₂O₃ ²⁻            formed with a cation), dithionite (H₂S₂O₄ or a salt of S₂O₄            ²⁻ formed with a cation), phosphorodithioate            (P(═S)(OR^(k))(SH)(OH) or a salt thereof formed with a            cation), hydroxamic acid (R^(k)C(═O)NHOH or a salt formed            with a cation), hydrazide (R^(k)CONHNH₂), formaldehyde            sulfoxylate (HOCH₂SO₂H or a salt of HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻ formed with a            cation, such as HOCH₂SO₂ Na⁺), glycated nucleotide (such as            GDP-mannose), fludarabine or a mixture thereof, wherein            R^(i) and R^(i′) are each independently a linear or branched            alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and are substituted with            at least one substituent selected from —N(R^(j))₂, —CO₂H,            —SO₃H, and —PO₃H; R^(i) and R^(i′) can be further optionally            substituted with a substituent for an alkyl described            herein; R^(j) is a linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 6            carbon atoms; R^(k) is a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl,            alkenyl or alkynyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, aryl,            heterocyclyl or heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments, Y is —SO₃M; and M is —H or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable cation.

In certain embodiments, the CBA is huMy9-6.

In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Compounds and Conjugates

The cytotoxic compounds and cell-binding agent-drug conjugates producedby the methods of the invention can be evaluated for their ability tosuppress proliferation of various cancer cell lines in vitro. Forexample, cell lines such as the human colon carcinoma line COLO 205, therhabdomyosarcoma cell line RH-30, and the multiple myeloma cell lineMOLP-8 can be used for the assessment of cytotoxicity of these compoundsand conjugates. Cells to be evaluated can be exposed to the compounds orconjugates for 1-5 days and the surviving fractions of cells measured indirect assays by known methods. IC₅₀ values can then be calculated fromthe results of the assays. Alternatively or in addition, an in vitrocell line sensitivity screen, such as the one described by the U.S,National Cancer Institute (see Voskoglou-Nomikos et al., 2003, ClinicalCancer Res. 9: 42227-4239, incorporated herein by reference) can be usedas one of the guides to determine the types of cancers that may besensitive to treatment with the compounds or conjugates produced by themethods of the invention.

Examples of in vitro potency and target specificity ofantibody-cytotoxic agent conjugates produced by the methods of thepresent invention is shown in FIG. 17. All of the conjugates areextremely cytotoxic on the antigen positive cancer cells with an IC₅₀ inthe low picomolar range. Antigen negative cell lines remained viablewhen exposed to the same conjugates. The indolinobenzodiazepine dimersshowed target specific potency being 160 fold less potent when blockedwith unconjugated antibody huMy9-6 (anti-CD33) (FIG. 17) and 40 lesspotent when blocked with unconjugated antibody FOLR1 (anti-folatereceptor antibody) (result not shown). For example, the huMy9-6-SPDB-1fconjugate bearing the bisulfite adducts killed antigen positive HL60/QCcells with an IC₅₀ value of 10.5 pM, while the addition of an excess ofunconjugated huMy9-6 antibody reduced this cytotoxic effect (IC₅₀=1.69nM), demonstrating antigen specificity (FIG. 17A). In addition, thehuMy9-6-SPDB-1f conjugate is also highly potent towards both theHL60/ATCC cell line with an IC₅₀ value of 21 pM and the NB-4 cell linewith an IC₅₀ value of 190 pM (FIGS. 17B and 17C).

The effect of conjugation on antibody binding was measured by comparingthe binding of both unconjugated huMy9-6 antibody and thehuMy9-6-SPDB-1f conjugate towards the HL60/QC cell line (FIG. 18). FACSanalysis revealed that there is no change in binding capability of theconjugate to naked antibody indicating that there is no compromise inbinding due to conjugation of the cytotoxic agent to the antibody.

In one example, in vivo efficacy of a cell binding agent/cytotoxic agentconjugate was measured. Nude mice bearing human HL60/QC tumors weretreated with huMy9-6-SPDB-1f conjugate and significant tumor regressionwas observed at multiple doses while untreated mice grew tumors rapidly(FIG. 19). Activity was observed at doses as low as 20 μg/kg which is atleast 35-fold lower than the maximum tolerated dose.

The effect of imine saturation towards tolerability is shown in Table 9.Di-imine huFOLR1-drug1 was tested at multiple doses all of which werefound to be highly toxic leaving only survivors in the lowest grouptested at 50 μg/kg. In contrast the partially reduced mono-iminehuFOLR1-drug2 and huFOLR1-SPDB-IGN (huFOLR1-SPDB-1f) conjugates werefound to have significantly improved tolerability with thehuFOLR1-SPDB-IGN (huFOLR1-SPDB-1f) conjugate showing 100% animalsurvival at the highest doses tested of 560 μg/kg.

EXEMPLICATION Example 1

Humanized My9-6 antibody at 2 mg/ml was conjugated with 9 molarequivalents of 2-NHS ester (compound 2) for 3 hrs at 25° C. in 85% PBS,pH 7.4, containing 15% DMA (v/v) and then purified over a G25 desaltingcolumn in PBS, pH 7.4, to remove unreacted or hydrolyzed, unconjugateddrug. The conjugate was dialyzed in 10 mM Histidine, 250 mM Glycine, pH6.5 buffer, containing 1% sucrose. The conjugate drug/antibody ratio(DAR) was determined as 1.4 DAR based on UV absorbance at 280 and 320 nmand calculation using the extinction coefficients of the drug andantibody at 280 nm and 320 nm.

The conjugate was analyzed for monomer % by size exclusionchromatography (SEC) on a TSK-Gel G300SWXL column (7.8 mm×300 mm, 5 μmparticle size) using an isocratic mobile phase of 400 mm sodiumperchlorate, 150 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, at 1 ml/min. Thepercentage of monomer (% monomer) and aggregate were determined bymonitoring the UV absorbance of all antibody species at 280 nm andmeasuring the area-under-the-curve (AUC) of each antibody peak.Additionally, the percentage (%) of 2 drug on both the monomer and theaggregate were determined by monitoring the UV absorbance of allantibody species at 320 nm and 280 nm and measuring the AUC of eachantibody peak. The % monomer of the huMy9-6-2 conjugate containing 1.4DAR was 91%. The % 2 on the monomer was 80%.

For free (unconjugated) drug assay, the conjugate was acetone extractedto remove protein, dried, and reconstituted in mobile phase and injectedonto a VYDAC 208TP C8 reverse phase HPLC column (4.6×250 mm, 7 μmparticle size) using a linear gradient of 20% acetonitrile and 80%deionized going up to 100% acetonitrile, all containing 0.025% aceticacid, at 1 ml/min over 48 min and compared to drug-methyl esterstandards. The percentage of free, unconjugated drug in the conjugatewas determined as <1% of conjugated drug.

The huMy9-6-2 conjugate with 1.4 drug/antibody ratio (DAR) was analyzedby mass spectrometry (MS) after deglycosylation (FIG. 1A). The MS of theconjugate showed unconjugated antibody (D0) as the largest peak, with asmaller D1 peak (antibody with 1 linked drug), and much smaller D2 andD3 peaks of 2 and 3 linked drugs per antibody. The efficiency ofconjugation was low with a conjugate DAR of 1.4 after conjugation with9-fold molar excess of 2-NHS ester over antibody.

Example 2

For the conjugation of 2-NHS ester (compound 2) using sodium bisulfite,the 2-NHS ester (compound 2) was pre-incubated with 0.9 molarequivalents of sodium bisulfite (freshly prepared NaHSO₃ in deionizedwater) in 66% DMA (dimethylacetamide) in water for 30 min at 25° C.HuMy9-6 antibody at 2 mg/ml was conjugated with 9 molar equivalents of2-NHS ester (with added NaHSO₃) for 3 h at 25° C. in 85% PBS, pH 7.4,15% DMA (v/v) and then purified over a G25 desalting column in PBS, pH7.4 to remove unreacted or hydrolyzed drug. The conjugate was dialyzedin 10 mM histidine, 250 mM glycine, 1% sucrose, pH 6.5 buffer.

The DAR of the huMy9-6-2 conjugate prepared using sodium bisulfite wasmeasured by UV spectrophotometry at 280 and 320 nm and calculated to be3.1 DAR. The % monomer of the conjugate was 95% and the % 2 on themonomer was 91%. The MS of the conjugate prepared using sodium bisulfitefollowing deglycosylation showed the largest peak of D1 with one linkeddrug, and also D2, D3, D4, D5, D6 peaks with 2-6 linked drugs perantibody (FIG. 1B).

The huMy9-6-2 conjugate prepared with sodium bisulfite showed a muchgreater drug incorporation of 3.1 DAR than the conjugate with 1.4 DARprepared without sodium bisulfite. The MS of the 3.1 DAR conjugateprepared with sodium bisulfite showed conjugate peaks of 1-6 linkeddrugs with the highest D1 peak with 1 linked drug. In contrast, the MSof the 1.4 DAR conjugate prepared without sodium bisulfite showed thehighest peak of unconjugated antibody (D0) and much smaller D1, D2 andD3 linked drug conjugate peaks. The drug % on the monomer for thehuMy9-6-2 conjugate prepared with sodium bisulfite was 91%, which washigher than the 80% drug on the monomer for the huMy9-6-2 conjugateprepared without sodium bisulfite. The overall conjugate quality for thehuMy9-6-2 conjugate prepared with sodium bisulfite, therefore, was muchsuperior than by the traditional conjugation procedure without sodiumbisulfite.

The conjugations of NHS esters of several drugs (1, 2, 3, and 4) withantibody were performed in the presence of sodium bisulfite (NaHSO₃) andwere compared with the traditional conjugation method without NaHSO₃.The results are shown in Table 16. In all cases, the addition of sodiumbisulfite in the conjugation showed conjugates with significantly betterquality of higher DAR and higher % drug on monomer than conjugatesprepared without the addition of sodium bisulfite.

TABLE 16 Comparisons of conjugations of antibody with several drug- NHSesters without or with added sodium bisulfite (NaHSO₃) NaHSO₃ Type of %% drug on addition drug DAR monomer monomer − 2 1.4 91 80 + 3.0 95 91 −3 0.5 95 35 + 2.5 95 91 − 4 1.0 90 65 + 3.8 90 84 − 1 1.1 95 40 + 2.7 9287

The huMy9-6-2 conjugate prepared with sodium bisulfite showed a similarin vitro cytotoxicity to the conjugate prepared without sodium bisulfite(FIG. 2). Therefore a better quality conjugate of higher DAR and higher% drug on monomer was prepared using sodium bisulfite without any lossof cytotoxic potency. An anti-CD22 antibody-2 conjugate prepared withsodium bisulfite showed a similar in vitro cytotoxicity to the conjugateprepared without sodium bisulfite (FIG. 3).

The huMy9-6-2 conjugate prepared using sodium bisulfite was analyzed bynon-reducing SDS-PAGE using a gel chip analyzer. The conjugate showedonly the intact antibody band; no heavy and light chain bands wereobserved, showing an unexpected advantage that the added sodiumbisulfite did not cause any unwanted reduction of native interchaindisulfide bonds in the antibody.

2-NHS ester or SPDB-NHS esters of 3, 4, 1, and 5 were pre-incubated with0.5 to 3 molar equivalents of sodium bisulfite (freshly prepared NaHSO₃in deionized water) in 66-98% DMA (dimethylacetamide) in water from 15min to 4 h at 25° C. Some of these reactions were also left overnight at4° C. and used for conjugations 20 h later.

The 2-NHS ester in DMA treated with sodium bisulfite or without addedsodium bisulfite was analyzed by HPLC using a VYDAC C8 reversed phasecolumn with a linear gradient of 20% acetonitrile and 80% deionizedwater going upto 100% acetonitrile, all containing 0.025% acetic acid,at 1 ml/min over 48 min. As shown in FIG. 4, parent 2-NHS ester elutedat ˜23 min. After 30 min of treatment with 0.9 molar equivalents ofNaHSO₃ in 66% DMA in water at 25° C., a majority of the 2-NHS wasconverted into the sulfonated, more polar form that eluted at ˜14 min.Unexpectedly, no undesirable peak of sulfonated hydrolyzed 2 wasobserved. Therefore, a surprisingly favorable reaction of sodiumbisulfite toward addition to the imine bond without reaction with theNHS ester was observed.

Similarly drug NHS esters are treated with imine reactive reagents otherthan sodium bisulfite before conjugation with antibody. An alternativeconjugation approach is to treat a mixture of drug-NHS ester andantibody with sodium bisulfite or other imine reactive reagent.

Example 3

The disulfide-linked antibody-SPDB-1 conjugate was prepared usingsynthesized 1-SPDB-NHS ester (compound 1c). The 1-SPDB-NHS ester waspre-treated with 3 molar equivalents of sodium bisulfite (using afreshly prepared NaHSO₃ solution in water) in 96-98% DMA in water for4-5 h at 25° C. The sodium bisulfite-treated 1-SPDB-NHS ester in DMA wasanalyzed using VYDAC C8 reversed phase-HPLC column using a lineargradient of 20% acetonitrile and 80% deionized water containing 0.025%acetic acid at 1 ml/min for 48 min. The reversed phase HPLC analysisshowed only the desired reaction of bisulfite addition to the imine bondwithout the undesired reaction of bisulfite with the NHS ester.

For conjugation, a humanized antibody at 2 mg/ml was reacted with 5-7molar equivalents of 1-SPDB-NHS ester (pre-treated with NaHSO₃) for 6 hat 25° C. in 85% PBS, pH 7.4, aqueous buffer containing 15%N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) and then purified over a G25 gel filtrationcolumn in PBS, pH 7.4, to remove unreacted or hydrolyzed drug. Thehumanized antibody-SPDB-1 conjugates were dialyzed in 10 mM Histidine,250 mM Glycine, 1% sucrose, pH 6.5 buffer. The drug/antibody ratio (DAR)of the conjugates were measured to be 2.2-2.9 by UV absorbancemeasurements at 280 and 320 nm and using the extinction coefficients ofthe drug and antibody at 280 nm and 320 nm. The percentage of monomer inthe conjugate preparation was determined by SEC (Size ExclusionChromatography) as 90%. Based on the UV absorbance of the monomer peakin SEC it was also demonstrated that the monomer conjugate peak hadlinked drug molecules. The unconjugated drug % by acetone extraction andreversed-phase HPLC was shown to be less than 1%.

The MS of the deglycosylated antibody-SPDB-1 conjugates prepared withsodium bisulfite added before conjugation showed a much superiorconjugate than that obtained without sodium bisulfite conjugation (FIG.5). The MS of the conjugate prepared without sodium bisulfite had anaverage of 1.4 1/Ab and antibody species with up to three linked 1molecules (FIG. 5A). In contrast, the MS of the conjugate prepared withsodium bisulfite showed an average of 2.5 1/Ab and antibody species withup to seven linked 1 molecules (FIG. 5B).

The disulfide-linked antibody-SPDB-1 conjugate prepared using sodiumbisulfite showed only intact antibody band by non-reducing SDS-PAGE gelchip analysis. The gel chip assay was performed using Agilent Protein230 Protein Chip and analyzed using an Agilent 2300 Bioanalyzer. Noheavy and light chain bands were observed, showing an unexpectedadvantage that the added sodium bisulfite did not cause any unwantedreduction of native antibody-interchain disulfide bonds (FIG. 6). Thelinked drug obtained in the antibody-SPDB-1 conjugate prepared usingsodium bisulfite also demonstrated surprisingly that the disulfidelinker in the conjugate was stable to the added sodium bisulfite.

Example 4

For conjugate preparation, 1f-SPDB-NHS ester (compound 1c, FIG. 7) waspre-incubated with 3 molar equivalents of sodium bisulfite (freshlyprepared NaHSO₃ in deionized water) in 96% DMA (dimethylacetamide) inwater for 5 h at 25° C. and then incubated overnight at 4° C. untilneeded for conjugation. Humanized antibody at 2-3 mg/ml was derivatizedwith 8 molar equivalents of 1f-SPDB-NHS ester in the absence or presenceof sodium bisulfite (−/+NaHSO₃) for 4 h at 25° C. in 95% 50 mM HEPES, pH8.5, aqueous buffer containing 5% DMA (v/v) and then both were purifiedover G25 desalting columns into PBS, pH 7.4, to remove unreacted,hydrolyzed drug. The conjugates were dialyzed in 10 mM histidine, 250 mMglycine, 1% sucrose, pH 6.5 buffer. The conjugate DAR was measured by UVspectrophotometry at 280 and 320 nm. The monomer % and % drug on themonomer in the conjugate were determined by SEC. The unconjugated drugin the conjugate was determined by reverse phase HPLC after acetoneextraction. These conjugations were performed with several humanizedantibodies.

Example 5

To conjugate drug thiols with reactive disulfide linker incorporated inantibody, humanized mAb at 8 mg/m¹ is derivatized with 4-6 molarequivalents of SPDB hetrobifunctional linker for 1.5 h at 25° C. in 90%PBS, pH 7.5, aqueous buffer with 5% DMA (v/v) and then purified over aG25 desalting column into 35 mM citrate, 2 mM EDTA, 150 mM NaCl, pH 5.5buffer to remove unreacted, hydrolyzed linker. The LAR (linker antibodyratio) is measured by UV absorbance at 280 and 343 nm without and withadded 50 mM dithiothreitol (to measure total antibody and releasableSPy). The SPDB-modified antibody at 2 mg/ml is reacted with 2 molarequivalents of sodium bisulfite-treated drug thiol per linker for 2 to20 h at 25° C. in 85-90% of 50 mM potassium phosphate, 50 mM NaCl, pH7.5 buffer and then purified over a G25 desalting column in PBS, pH 7.4,to remove unreacted, hydrolyzed drug. The DAR of the antibody-SPDB-drugconjugate is measured by UV absorbance at 280 and 320 nm and thepercentage of monomer and the percentage of drug on the monomer in theconjugate preparation is determined by SEC.

Example 6 Preparation of huMy9-6-Sulfo-SPDB-1 (2-Step Method)

A reaction containing 6 mg/mL huMy9-6 antibody and 9 molar equivalentssulfo-SPDB linker (20 mM stock in DMA) was incubated for 3 h at 25° C.in 50 mM EPPS buffer pH 8. Unreacted linker was removed using a NAPdesalting column (Illustra Sephadex G-25 DNA Grade, GE Healthcare) andthe linker to antibody ratio (LAR) was determined to be 3.7 based onantibody concentration and DTT-released thiopyridine concentration byUV-Vis (ε_(343 nm)=8,080 cm⁻¹M⁻¹ for 2-thiopyridone).

Sulfo-SPDB modified huMy9-6 was diluted to 2 mg/ml in 50 mM EPPS pH 8.5,10% v/v DMA, and reacted with 2 molar equivalents of compound 1d perlinker (5 mM stock in DMA; 7.4 equivalents per antibody) for 3 h at 25°C.

Post-reaction, the conjugate was purified and buffer exchanged into 250mM Glycine, 10 mM Histidine, 1% sucrose, 0.01% Tween-20, 50 μM sodiumbisulfite at pH 6.2 using a desalting column (G-25 Sephadex, fine grade,GE Healthcare).

The purified conjugate was found to have an average of 2.9 compound 1molecules linked per antibody (by UV-Vis using molar extinctioncoefficients ε_(330 nm)=15,484 cm⁻¹M⁻¹ and ε_(280 nm)=30,115 cm⁻¹M⁻¹ forcompound 1, and ε_(280 nm)=207,000 cm⁻¹M⁻¹ for My9-6 antibody), 97.8%monomer (by size exclusion chromatography), <1% unconjugated compound 1(by acetone extraction/reverse-phase HPLC), a 60% yield based on theamount of the antibody used, and an 18% overall yield based on theamount of compound 1d used. The conjugate made using this method couldbe concentrated (by stirred cell or Amicon centrifugal filter device)to >3 mg/ml without conjugate precipitation.

Example 7 Preparation of huMy9-6-SPDB-1

Method 1 (One-Step Reagent Method):

A reaction containing 2 mg/mL huMy9-6 antibody and 7 molar equivalents1-SPDB-NHS (pretreated with 5-fold excess of sodium bisulfite in 90:10DMA:water, v/v for 1 h at 25° C. and then overnight at 4° C.) in 50 mMHEPES (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazine ethanesulfonic acid) pH 8.5buffer and 10% v/v DMA (N,N-Dimethylacetamide) cosolvent was allowed toincubate for 3 h at 25° C.

Post-reaction, the conjugate was purified and buffer exchanged into 250mM Glycine, 10 mM Histidine, 1% sucrose, 0.01% Tween, 50 μM sodiumbisulfite formulation buffer, using NAP desalting columns (IllustraSephadex G-25 DNA Grade, GE Healthcare). Dialysis was performed in thesame buffer for 4 hours at room temperature utilizing Slide-a-Lyzerdialysis cassettes (ThermoScientific 20,000 MWCO).

The purified conjugate was found to have an average of 4.0 compound 1molecules linked per antibody (by UV-Vis using molar extinctioncoefficients ε_(330 nm)=15,484 cm⁻¹M⁻¹ and ε_(280 nm)=30,115 cm⁻¹M⁻¹ forcompound 1, and ε_(280 nm)=207,000 cm⁻¹M⁻¹ for My9-6 antibody), 92%monomer (by size exclusion chromatography, TSK3000, TOSOH Biosciences),<1% unconjugated compound 1 (by acetone extraction/reverse-phase HPLC) a72% yield based on the amount of the antibody used, a 40% overall yieldbased on the amount of 1-SPDB-NHS used, and a final proteinconcentration of 1.0 mg/ml.

Method 2 (Two-Step Method):

A reaction containing 4.8 mg/mL huMy9-6 antibody and 6 molar equivalentsSPDB linker (18.5 mM stock in ethanol) was incubated for 3 h at 25° C.in PBS pH 7.4. Unreacted linker was removed using a NAP desalting column(Illustra Sephadex G-25 DNA Grade, GE Healthcare) and the linker toantibody ratio (LAR) was determined to be 4.0 based on antibodyconcentration and DTT-released 2-thiopyridone concentration by UV-Vis(ε_(343 nm)=8,080 cm⁻¹M⁻¹ for 2-thiopyridone).

SPDB modified huMy9-6 was diluted to 2 mg/ml in 50 mM EPPS pH 8.5, 10%v/v DMA and reacted with 1.75 molar equivalents of compound 1d perlinker (5 mM stock in DMA; 7 equivalents per antibody) for 3 h at 25° C.

Post-reaction, the conjugate was purified and buffer exchanged into 250mM Glycine, 10 mM Histidine, 1% sucrose, 0.01% Tween-20, 50 μM sodiumbisulfite at pH 6.2 using a desalting column (Illustra Sephadex G-25 DNAGrade, GE Healthcare).

The purified conjugate was found to have an average of 3.8 compound 1molecules linked per antibody (by UV-Vis using molar extinctioncoefficients ε_(330 nm)=15,484 cm⁻¹M⁻¹ and ε_(280 nm)=30,115 cm⁻¹M⁻¹ forcompound 1, and ε_(280 nm)=207,000 cm⁻¹M⁻¹ for My9-6 antibody), 91.6%monomer (by size exclusion chromatography, TSK3000, TOSOH Biosciences),<1% unconjugated compound 1 (by acetone extraction/reverse-phase HPLC),a 40% yield based on the amount of the antibody used, a 22% overallyield based on the amount of compound 1d used, and a final proteinconcentration of 0.5 mg/ml.

Example 8 Preparation of huMy9-6-CX1-1-1

Method 1 (In-Situ One-Step Reagent Method):

A DMA solution containing 1.9 mM compound 1d, 1 mM CX1-1heterobifunctional linker with N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and maleimidegroups, and 20 mM diisopropyl ethyl amine (DIPEA) was allowed to reactat ambient temperature for 8 min. Then 3 mM maleimido propionic acid(MPA) was added to quench excess compound 1d. The 1-CX1-1-NHS reactionmixture was stored frozen at −80° C., and later upon thawing was addedin two portions to a buffered solution of huMy9-6 at 25° C. (2 mg/ml,100 mM EPPS, pH 8.0, 10% v/v DMA); 4.8 molar equivalents per antibody(based on linker concentration) followed by 4.2 equivalents 30 minlater. After 2 h reaction, the conjugate was purified and bufferexchanged into 250 mM Glycine, 10 mM Histidine, 1% sucrose, 0.01%Tween-20, 50 μM sodium bisulfite at pH 6.2 using a desalting column(Quick-spin protein, G-25 fine resin, Roche), dialysis, and finally 0.22μm sterile filtration.

The purified conjugate was found to have an average of 3.3 compound 1molecules linked per antibody (by UV-Vis using molar extinctioncoefficients ε_(330 nm)=15,484 cm⁻¹M⁻¹ and ε_(280 nm)=30,115 cm⁻¹M⁻¹ forcompound 1, and ε_(280 nm)=207,000 cm⁻¹M⁻¹ for My9-6 antibody), 95%monomer (by size exclusion chromatography, TSK3000, TOSOH Biosciences),<1% unconjugated compound 1 (by acetone extraction/reverse-phase HPLC),a 45% yield based on the amount of the antibody used, a 17% overallyield based on the amound of compound 1d used, and a final proteinconcentration of 0.7 mg/ml.

Method 2 (One-Step Method):

To a buffered solution of huMy9-6 antibody (2 mg/ml, 50 mM EPPS, pH 8.5,8% v/v DMA) was added 14 molar equivalents compound 1d (5 mM stock inDMA) followed by 7 molar equivalents of CX1-1 linker (15 mM stocksolution in ethanol) and incubated for 3 h at 25° C.

Post-reaction, the conjugate was purified and buffer exchanged into 250mM Glycine, 10 mM Histidine, 1% sucrose, 0.01% Tween-20, 50 μM sodiumbisulfite at pH 6.2 using a desalting column (Illustra Sephadex G-25 DNAGrade, GE Healthcare), followed by 2× dialysis at 4° C. in Slide-a-Lyzerdialysis cassettes (ThermoScientific 20,000 MWCO).

The purified conjugate was found to have an average of 3.4 compound 1molecules linked per antibody (by UV-Vis using molar extinctioncoefficients ε_(330 nm)=15,484 cm⁻¹M⁻¹ and ε_(280 nm)=30,115 cm⁻¹M⁻¹ forcompound 1, and ε_(280 nm)=207,000 cm⁻¹M⁻¹ for My9-6 antibody), 90%monomer (by size exclusion chromatography, TSK3000, TOSOH Biosciences),<1% unconjugated compound 1 (by acetone extraction/reverse-phase HPLC),a 44% yield based on the amount of the antibody used, an 11% overallyield based on the amount of compound 1d used, and a final proteinconcentration of 1.48 mg/ml.

Example 9 MS Analysis of Deglycosylated My9-6-SPDB-1f

My9-6-SPDB-1f was made either by conjugating an NHS ester containingcompound 1f directly to antibody lysines (i.e., one-step reagent methodas described above), or by conjugating compound 1d to a dithiopyridinemodified antibody (i.e., two-step method as described above). Massspectrometry (MS) analysis of the deglycosylated My9-6-SPDB-1f were thencarried out as above.

The one-step reagent method gave a conjugate with 0-9 compound 1fmodifications, an asymmetric conjugated drug distribution, and asignificant amount of unconjugated anitbody. On the other hand, theconjugate made by the two-step method had an MS profile with 0-6compound 1f modifications, a symmetric conjugated drug distribution, andvery little unconjugated antibody. See FIG. 12. Both conjugates had asimilar average compound 1f/antibody ratio of ˜4 by UV-vis analysis.

Example 10 pH Effect on Two-Step Sysnthesis of My9-6-Sulfo-SPDB-1

MS data for My9-6-sulfo-SPDB-1f made using a two-step method underdifferent pH conditions was shown in FIG. 13. Briefly, My9-6-sulfoSPDB(3.7 linker/antibody) was reacted with 3 equivalents of compound 1d perlinker (or about 11.1 equivalents per antibody) for 18 h at pH 6, 7, 8,and 8.5. The MS data showed a decrease in unreacted linker (260 amusatellite peaks) with increasing reaction pH. Thus it appeared that pHaffects the conjugation reaction in the synthesis of theMy9-6-sulfo-SPDB-1f conjugate. Specifically, a pH of >8 is required forcompound 1d to fully react with the sulfo-SPDB linker on the antibody.

Example 11 Effect of Compound/Linker Ratio on Two-Step Sysnthesis ofchKTI-Sulfo-SPDB-1

FIG. 14 shows MS data for chKTI-sulfo-SPDB-1 made using a two-stepmethod with different compound 1d/linker ratios. chKTI-sulfoSPDB (3.7linker/antibody) was reacted with 1.1, 1.3, 1.5 or 2 equivalents ofcompound 1d per linker for 3 h, at 25° C., pH 8.5. The MS showed adecrease in unreacted linker (260 amu satellite peaks) with increasingequivalents of compound 1d per linker. It appeared that under thiscondition, a compound 1d/linker ratio of >1.3 is required to fully reactwith the sulfo-SPDB linker on the antibody. Increasing the equivalentsof compound 1d above 1.5 per linker led to increased antibodyfragmentation (14-19%) while 1.1-1.3 compound 1d/linker did not causesignificant antibody fragmentation.

Example 12 Preparation of Antibody-SPDB-Drug Conjugate

Compound 1c was pre-treated with 3 molar equivalents of sodium bisulfite(using a freshly prepared NaHSO₃ solution in water) in 96-98% DMA inwater for 4-5 hrs at 25° C. For conjugation, the humanized antibody at 2mg/mL was reacted with 5-7 molar equivalents of compound 1c (pre-treatedwith NaHSO₃) for 6 h at 25° C. in 85-90% PBS, pH 7.4, aqueous buffer, or50 mM HEPES, pH 8.5, aqueous buffer, containing 10-15%N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) and then purified over a G25 gel filtrationcolumn in PBS, pH 7.4, to remove unreacted or hydrolyzed drug compound.The humanized antibody-SPDB-drug conjugates were dialyzed in 10 mMHistidine, 250 mM Glycine, 1% sucrose, pH 6.5 buffer. The Drug AntibodyRatio (DAR) of the conjugates were measured to be 2.2-2.9 by UVabsorbance measurements at 280 and 320 nm and using the extinctioncoefficients of the drug and antibody at 280 nm (215,000 M⁻¹cm⁻¹) and320 nm (9137 M⁻¹cm⁻¹). The percentage of monomer in the conjugates weredetermined as >90% by SEC (Size Exclusion Chromatography) using TSK-GelG300SWXL column (7.8 mm×300 mm, 5 pm particle size). Based on the UVabsorbance of the monomer peak in SEC it was also demonstrated that themonomer conjugate peaks had linked drug molecules. For free(unconjugated) drug assay, the conjugate was acetone extracted to removeprotein, dried, and reconstituted in mobile phase and injected onto aVYDAC 208TP C8 reverse phase HPLC column (4.6×250 mm, 7 μm particlesize) and compared to standards. The percentage of free drug compound inthe conjugate was determined as <0.5% of conjugated drug compound.

Preparation of Humanized Ab-SPDB-2a Conjugate:

Humanized Ab at 8 mg/mL was derivatized with 4-6 molar equivalents ofSPDB hetrobifunctional linker for 1.5 h at 25° C. in 95% PBS, PH 7.4,containing 5% DMA (v/v), and then purified over a G25 desalting columninto citrate buffer (35 mM citrate buffer, pH 5.5, containing 2 mM EDTA,150 mM NaCl) to remove unreacted linker. The LAR (Linker Antibody Ratio)were measured using UV absorbance at 280 and 343 nm without and with 50mM dithiothreitol addition (to measure total antibody anddithiothreitol-released SPy) and were determined to be 2.7-4.1 LAR. TheSPDB-modified antibody at 2 mg/mL was reacted with 2 molar equivalentsof compound 2a (HCl salt) per linked SPDB for 20 h at ambienttemperature in 85% citrate buffer, 15% DMA (v/v) and then purified overa G25 desalting column into PBS, pH 7.4 to remove unconjugated drugcompound. The DAR of the final humanized Ab-SPDB-2a conjugate wasmeasured by UV spectrophotometry at 280 and 350 nm and calculated to be˜1.7-2.1 DAR. The percentage of monomer and linked drug compound on themonomer in the conjugate was determined by HPLC using an SEC (sizeexclusion chromatography) column. See FIG. 16.

Example 13 Use of Colvalent Imine Reactants to Improve Ab-Drug ConjugateSpecifications (% Monomer and Drug Load)

Adduct formation was carried out with 5 molar equivalents of iminereactant over NHS-BMPS-1 in 90% DMSO/10% PBS pH 7.4 for 4 hr at 25° C.The reaction mixture was then added to huMy9-6 antibody (4 molarequivalents drug, 2 mg/ml, 10% v/v DMSO, 50 mM HEPES buffer, pH 8.5, 5h, 25° C.). Conjugates made using sodium hydrosulfite, sodium bisulfite,or sodium metabisulfite had similar drug/Ab ratios and % monomer, whileconjugates made with no additive treatment led to very low drugincorporation.

Example 14 In Vivo Tolerability Study of huFOLR-1 Conjugates

The in vivo tolerability of huFOLR-1 conjugates was investigated infemale CD-1 mice. Animals were observed for seven days prior to studyinitiation and found to be free of disease or illness. The mice wereadministered a single i.v. injection of the bisulfite-bearing conjugateand the animals were monitored daily for body weight loss, morbidity ormortality. Table 9 shows that for huFOLR1-drugl, the conjugate wastolerated at only the lowest dose tested of 50 μg/kg. In contrast, bothmono-imine conjugates huFOLR1-drug2 and huFOLR1-SPDB-1f were found to bebetter tolerated with a maximum tolerated dose of <198 μg/kg and >560μg/kg respectively.

TABLE 9 Tolerability comparison data for (A) huFOLR1-drugl, (B)huFOLR1-drug2, and (C) huFOLR1-SPDB-1f conjugates.

A) Dose % (μg/kg) Survival  50 100 100  0 200  0 300  0 400  0

B) Dose % (μg/kg) Survival  66 100 132 100 198  50 264  25

C) Dose % (μg/kg) Survival 120 100 160 100 200 100 320 100 560 100

Example 15 Effect of Propylene Glycol in Formulation and Conjugation

This example demonstrates that the subject conjugation reactions carriedout in the presence of propylene glycol as co-solvent do not showprecipitation of the conjugates, and that as high as 40% (and possiblyeven higher) propylene glycol can be used without a decrease in the %monomer of the resulting conjugate (in the presence of 2%dimethylacetamide—data not shown).

More importantly, the presence of propylene glycol during purificationleads to significant increases in yield (Table 10).

While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, Applicantsbelieve that one of the primary source of problems during theconjugation of the subject conjugates is the inherent hydrophobicity ofthe molecular components of the conjugates. This may at least partiallyexplain the low purified yields, and sometimes aberrant massdistribution profiles observed with the subject conjugations.

It is also worth noting that the addition of isopropanol during sizeexclusion chromatography of the subject conjugates greatly decreases theapparent aggregate population. This observation suggests that smallhydrophobic cosolvents may increase the solubility of the drug andconjugate of the invention.

Thus the subject conjugation reactions, the purification steps after thereaction, and/or the formulation of the formed conjugates are preferablycarried out in the presence of small hydrophobic cosolvents, such aspropylene glycol (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45%).

Antibody-sulfo-SPDB was prepared according to previously describedmethods by the addition of the N-hydroxysuccinimidyl (NHS) ester form ofsulfo-SPDB to antibody (huMy9-6) in water containing 3% DMA, andbuffered at pH 8.5 for 3 hours. The resulting intermediate(antibody-sulfo-SPDB) was purified over G25 Sephadex to remove excesslinker. Antibody and linker were quantitated by UV-vis spectroscopy bymeasuring absorbance at 280 nm in the absence of reductant, and at 343nm in the presence of ˜50 mM DTT to measure 2-thiopyridine release fromconjugated linker.

To conjugate drug, the antibody-sulfo-SPDB prepared above was reacted at2 mg/mL antibody with a 2-fold molar excess of compound 1d in thepresence of the indicated co-solvents, and with the pH maintained at 8.5with EPPS buffer (final concentration 60 mM). Dimethylacetamide (SAFC)and propylene glycol (Alfa Aesar) were used as received with no furtherpurification. All buffers were sterilized by passage through 0.22 micronfilter (Corning) and water was purified by reverse osmosis/deionization.The reactions were incubated at 25° C. for 3 hrs and then purified usingdisposable G25 Sephadex columns (Nap 25, GE Healthcare) into aformulation buffer consisting of 10 mM histidine, 250 glycine, 1%sucrose, 0.01% polysorbate 20, 50 μM sodium bisulfite and buffered to pH6.2, as well as the indicated percentage of propylene glycol (v/v).

Reaction yields and drug load were determined by absorbancespectroscopy. All samples showed >96% monomer by analytical sizeexclusion chromatography.

Table 10 below shows the % Yield of conjugation as a function ofpropylene glycol in the reaction mixture or formulation.Antibody-sulfo-SPDB-1 was prepared by reaction of compound 1d withantibody-sulfo-SPDB for 4 hours at pH 8.5 (non-aqueous components asindicated) followed by purification over G25 Sephadex.

TABLE 10 Formulation 15% Propylene All aqueous glycol Reaction 0%Propylene 59 79 glycol + 10% DMA 30% Propylene  53* 83 glycol + 2% DMA*A thick white precipitate was observed atop the Sephadex column afterpurification

Example 16 Preparation of huMy9-6-Sulfo-SPDB-1d Using the HighlyReactive 4-nitroPy-Sulfo-SPDB Linker

A reaction containing 6 mg/mL huMy9-6 antibody and 5 molar equivalentsof the highly reactive N-succinimidyl-4-(4-nitropyridyl-2-dithio)butanoate linker (20 mM stock in ethanol) wasincubated for 3 h at 25° C. in 50 mM EPPS buffer at pH 8. Unreactedlinker was removed using a NAP desalting column (Illustra Sephadex G-25DNA Grade, GE Healthcare). The linker to antibody ratio (LAR) wasdetermined to be about 2.3 based on antibody concentration andDTT-released nitropyridine-2-thione concentration by UV-Vis(ε_(394 nm)=14205 cm⁻¹M⁻¹ for 2-thio-4-nitropyridone).

Linker modified huMy9-6 was diluted to 2 mg/mL in 50 mM HEPES buffer atpH 8.5, 10% v/v DMA, and reacted with 2 molar equivalents of compound 1dper linker (5 mM stock in DMA; 4.6 equivalents per antibody) for 30 minat 25° C. Completion of disulfide exchange reaction was determined bymonitoring absorbance increase at 394 nm by UV. Post-reaction, theconjugate was purified and buffer exchanged into 250 mM glycine, 10 mMhistidine, 1% sucrose, 0.01% Tween-20, 50 μM sodium bisulfite at pH 6.2using a desalting column (G-25 Sephadex, fine grade, GE Healthcare).

The purified conjugate was found to have an average of 2.1 molecules of1d linked per antibody (by UV-Vis using molar extinction coefficientsε_(330 nm)=15,484 cm⁻¹M⁻¹ and ε_(280 nm)=30,115 cm⁻¹M⁻¹ for 1d, andε_(280 nm)=207,000 cm⁻¹M⁻¹ for huMy9-6), 98% monomer (by size exclusionchromatography), <1% unconjugated 1d (by acetoneextraction/reverse-phase HPLC), a 70% protein yield, and a 32% overall1d yield. See FIG. 28.

1. A method for preparing a conjugate comprising a cell-binding agent(CBA) conjugated to a cytotoxic compound with a linking group, themethod comprising reacting a modified cytotoxic compound with a modifiedCBA at a pH of about 4 to about 9, wherein: a) the modified CBAcomprises a residue of a bifunctional crosslinking agent bonded to theCBA, and the residue comprises the linking group and a thiol-reactivegroup; and b) the modified cytotoxic compound comprises a thiol group,and a group represented by:

wherein: Y is a leaving group, and is a sulfite (HSO₃, HSO₂ or a salt ofHSO₃ ⁻, SO₃ ²⁻ or HSO₂ ⁻ formed with a cation), metabisulfite (H₂S₂O₅ ora salt of S₂O₅ ²⁻ formed with a cation), mono-, di-, tri-, andtetra-thiophosphate (PO₃SH₃, PO₂S₂H₂, POS₃H₂, PS₄H₂ or a salt of PO₃S³⁻,PO₂S₂ ³⁻, POS₃ ³⁻ or PS₄ ³⁻ formed with a cation), thio phosphate ester(R^(i)O)₂PS(OR^(i)), R^(i)S—, R^(i)SO, R^(i)SO₂, R^(i)SO₃, thiosulfate(HS₂O₃ or a salt of S₂O₃ ²⁻ formed with a cation), dithionite (HS₂O₄ ora salt of S₂O₄ ²⁻ formed with a cation), phosphorodithioate(P(═S)(OR^(k′))(S)(OH) or a salt thereof formed with a cation),hydroxamic acid (R^(k′)C(═O)NOH or a salt formed with a cation),formaldehyde sulfoxylate (HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻ or a salt of HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻ formed witha cation, such as HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻Na⁺) or a mixture thereof, wherein R^(i) isa linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and issubstituted with at least one substituent selected from —N(R^(j))₂,—CO₂H, —SO₃H, and —PO₃H; R^(i) can be further optionally substitutedwith a substituent for an alkyl described herein; R^(j) is a linear orbranched alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; R^(k′) is a linear, branchedor cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, aryl,heterocyclyl or heteroaryl. 2-9. (canceled)
 10. A method for preparing aconjugate comprising a cell-binding agent (CBA) conjugated to acytotoxic compound with a linking group, the method comprising reactingthe CBA with an imine-containing cytotoxic compound, an imine reactivereagent, and a bifunctional crosslinking agent comprising the linkinggroup to form the conjugate. 11-13. (canceled)
 14. A method forpreparing a conjugate comprising a cell-binding agent (CBA) conjugatedto a cytotoxic compound with a linking group, the method comprising: a)reacting a modified cytotoxic compound with a bifunctional crosslinkingagent comprising the linking group, a group reactive with the CBA (suchas a thiol group, a maleimide group, a haloacetamide group, or an aminegroup), and a group reactive with the modified cytotoxic compound, toform a second modified cytotoxic compound covalently bonded to a residueof the bifunctional crosslinking agent, wherein the residue comprisesthe linking group and the group reactive with the CBA; wherein themodified cytotoxic compound is represented by one of the followingformulas, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein: Y is a leaving group, and is a sulfite (HSO₃, HSO₂ or a salt ofHSO₃ ⁻, SO₃ ²⁻ or HSO₂ ⁻ formed with a cation), metabisulfite (H₂S₂O₅ ora salt of S₂O₅ ²⁻ formed with a cation), mono-, di-, tri-, andtetra-thiophosphate (PO₃SH₃, PO₂S₂H₂, POS₃H₂, PS₄H₂ or a salt of PO₃S³⁻,PO₂S₂ ³⁻, POS₃ ³⁻ or PS₄ ³⁻ formed with a cation), thio phosphate ester(R^(i)O)₂PS(OR^(i)), R^(i)S—, R^(i)SO, R^(i)SO₂, R^(i)SO₃, thiosulfate(HS₂O₃ or a salt of S₂O₃ ²⁻ formed with a cation), dithionite (HS₂O₄ ora salt of S₂O₄ ²⁻ formed with a cation), phosphorodithioate(P(═S)(OR^(k′))(S)(OH) or a salt thereof formed with a cation),hydroxamic acid (R^(k′)C(═O)NOH or a salt formed with a cation),formaldehyde sulfoxylate (HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻ or a salt of HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻ formed witha cation, such as HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻Na⁺) or a mixture thereof, wherein R^(i) isa linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and issubstituted with at least one substituent selected from —N(R^(j))₂,—CO₂H, —SO₃H, and —PO₃H; R^(i) can be further optionally substitutedwith a substituent for an alkyl described herein; R^(j) is a linear orbranched alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; R^(k′) is a linear, branchedor cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, aryl,heterocyclyl or heteroaryl; X′ is selected from —H, an amine-protectinggroup, an optionally substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl,alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a polyethyleneglycol unit —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R^(c), an optionally substituted aryl having6 to 18 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted 5- to 18-memberedheteroaryl ring containing one or more heteroatoms independentlyselected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and an optionallysubstituted 3- to 18-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 to 6heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, N and P; Y′ is selectedfrom —H, an oxo group, an optionally substituted linear, branched orcyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, anoptionally substituted 6- to 18-membered aryl, an optionally substituted5- to 18-membered heteroaryl ring containing one or more heteroatomsindependently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, an optionallysubstituted 3 to 18-membered heterocyclic ring having 1 to 6heteroatoms; R^(c) is —H or a substituted or unsubstituted linear orbranched alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms; R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₁′, R₂′, R₃′and R₄′ are each independently selected from the group consisting of —H,an optionally substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl oralkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a polyethylene glycol unit—(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—R^(c), halogen, guanidinium [—NH(C═NH)NH₂], —OR, —NR′R″,—NO₂, —NCO, —NR′COR″, —SR, a sulfoxide represented by —SOR′, a sulfonerepresented by —SO₂R′, a sulfonate —SO₃ ⁻M⁺, a sulfate —OSO₃ ⁻M⁺, asulfonamide represented by —SO₂NR′R″, cyano, an azido, —COR′, —OCOR′,—OCONR′R″; R, for each occurrence, is independently selected from thegroup consisting of —H, an optionally substituted linear, branched orcyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, apolyethylene glycol unit —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R^(c), an optionally substitutedaryl having 6 to 18 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted 5- to18-membered heteroaryl ring containing one or more heteroatomsindependently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, or anoptionally substituted 3- to 18-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1to 6 heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, N and P; R′ and R″are each independently selected from —H, —OH, —OR, —NHR, —NR₂, —COR, anoptionally substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl oralkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a polyethylene glycol unit—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R^(c), and an optionally substituted 3-18-memberedheterocyclic ring having 1 to 6 heteroatoms independently selected fromO, S, N and P; n is an integer from 1 to 24; W is selected from C═O,C═S, CH₂, BH, SO and SO₂; R₆ is —H, —R, —OR, —SR, —NR′R″, —NO₂, or,halogen; Z and Z′ are independently selected from —(CH₂)_(n′)—,—(CH₂)_(n′)—CR₇R₈—(CH₂)_(na′)—, —(CH₂)_(n′)—NR₉—(CH₂)_(na′)—,—(CH₂)_(na′)—O—(CH₂)_(na′)— and —(CH₂)_(n′)—S—(CH₂)_(na′)—; n′ and na′are the same or different, and are selected from 0, 1, 2 and 3; R₇ andR₈ are the same or different, and are each independently selected from—H, —OH, —SH, —COOH, —NHR′, a polyethylene glycol unit —(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—,an amino acid, a peptide unit bearing 2 to 6 amino acids, an optionallysubstituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl having from 1 to 10 carbonatoms; R₉ is independently selected from —H, an optionally substitutedlinear, branched or cyclic alkyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, apolyethylene glycol unit —(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—; A and A′ are the same ordifferent, and are independently selected from —O—, oxo (—C(═O)—),—CRR′O—, —CRR′—, —S—, —CRR^(i)S—, —N(R₅)— and —CRR′N(R₅)—, R₅ for eachoccurrence is independently —H or an optionally substituted linear orbranched alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms; D and D′ are the same ordifferent, and are independently absent or selected from the groupconsisting of an optionally substituted linear, branched or cyclicalkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an amino acid, apeptide bearing 2 to 6 amino acids, and a polyethylene glycol unit(—OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—; L is absent, or when present, comprises the thiolgroup, or is a polyethylene glycol unit (—OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—, a linear,branched or cyclic alkyl or alkenyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, aphenyl group, a 3- to 18-membered heterocyclic ring or a 5- to18-membered heteroaryl ring having 1 to 6 heteroatoms independentlyselected from O, S, N and P, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, phenyl, orheterocyclic or heteroaryl ring is optionally substituted; and, b)reacting the second modified cytotoxic compound with the CBA through thegroup reactive with the CBA, at a pH of about 4 to about 9, to form theconjugate. 15-41. (canceled)
 42. A method for preparing a conjugatecomprising a cell-binding agent (CBA) conjugated to a cytotoxic compoundwith a linking group, the method comprising reacting a second modifiedcytotoxic compound with the CBA at a pH of about 4 to about 9, whereinthe second modified cytotoxic compound comprises: a) a residue of abifunctional crosslinking agent bonded to the cytotoxic compound, andthe residue comprises the linking group and a reactive group selectedfrom a reactive ester and a thiol-reactive group, and, b) a grouprepresented by:

wherein: Y is a leaving group, and is a sulfite (HSO₃, HSO₂ or a salt ofHSO₃ ⁻, SO₃ ²⁻ or HSO₂ ⁻ formed with a cation), metabisulfite (H₂S₂O₅ ora salt of S₂O₅ ²⁻ formed with a cation), mono-, di-, tri-, andtetra-thiophosphate (PO₃SH₃, PO₂S₂H₂, POS₃H₂, PS₄H₂ or a salt of PO₃S³⁻,PO₂S₂ ³⁻, POS₃ ³⁻ or PS₄ ³⁻ formed with a cation), thio phosphate ester(R^(i)O)₂PS(OR^(i)), R^(i)S—, R^(i)SO, R^(i)SO₂, R^(i)SO₃, thiosulfate(HS₂O₃ or a salt of S₂O₃ ²⁻ formed with a cation), dithionite (HS₂O₄ ora salt of S₂O₄ ²⁻ formed with a cation), phosphorodithioate(P(═S)(OR^(k′))(S)(OH) or a salt thereof formed with a cation),hydroxamic acid (R^(k′)C(═O)NOH or a salt formed with a cation),formaldehyde sulfoxylate (HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻ or a salt of HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻ formed witha cation, such as HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻Na⁺) or a mixture thereof, wherein R^(i) isa linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and issubstituted with at least one substituent selected from —N(R^(j))₂,—CO₂H, —SO₃H, and —PO₃H; R^(i) can be further optionally substitutedwith a substituent for an alkyl described herein; R^(j) is a linear orbranched alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; R^(k′) is a linear, branchedor cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, aryl,heterocyclyl or heteroaryl. 43-164. (canceled)
 165. The method of claim1, wherein the conjugate has any one of the following formula:

the method comprising reacting a modified cytotoxic compound of thefollowing formula,

with a modified CBA of the following formula, respectively, at a pH ofabout 4 to about 9,

wherein: r is an integer from 1 to 10; Y is a leaving group, and is asulfite (HSO₃, HSO₂ or a salt of HSO₃ ⁻, SO₃ ²⁻ or HSO₂ ⁻ formed with acation), metabisulfite (H₂S₂O₅ or a salt of S₂O₅ ²⁻ formed with acation), mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-thiophosphate (PO₃SH₃, PO₂S₂H₂,POS₃H₂, PS₄H₂ or a salt of PO₃S³⁻, PO₂S₂ ³⁻, POS₃ ³⁻ or PS₄ ³⁻ formedwith a cation), thio phosphate ester (R^(i)O)₂PS(OR^(i)), R^(i)S—,R^(i)SO, R^(i)SO₂, R^(i)SO₃, thiosulfate (HS₂O₃ or a salt of S₂O₃ ²⁻formed with a cation), dithionite (HS₂O₄ or a salt of S₂O₄ ²⁻ formedwith a cation), phosphorodithioate (P(═S)(OR^(k′))(S)(OH) or a saltthereof formed with a cation), hydroxamic acid (R^(k′)C(═O)NOH or a saltformed with a cation), formaldehyde sulfoxylate (HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻ or a salt ofHOCH₂SO₂ ⁻ formed with a cation, such as HOCH₂SO₂ ⁻Na⁺) or a mixturethereof, wherein R′ is a linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 10 carbonatoms and is substituted with at least one substituent selected from—N(R^(j))₂, —CO₂H, —SO₃H, and —PO₃H; R^(i) can be further optionallysubstituted with a substituent for an alkyl described herein; R^(j) is alinear or branched alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; R^(k′) is a linear,branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having 1 to 10 carbonatoms, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl; preferably Y is —SO₃M; and M is—H or a pharmaceutically acceptable cation. 166-171. (canceled)